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Literaiy,pnguistic  and  Other  Cultural  Relations 

OF 

Germany  and  America 

EDITOR 
MARION  DEXTER   LEARNED 

University  of  Pennsylvania 

XXIX.— THE  SYNTAX  OF  BRANT'S  NAREENSCHIFF 

(See  List  at  the  End  of  'the  Book) 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


THE   SYNTAX   OF 

BRANT'S  NARRENSCHIFF 


BY 


HENRY  DEXTER  LEARNED 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  IN  PARTIAL  FULFILMENT 

OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


Bmericana  Germanica 

NUMBER  29. 


Americana  Germantca  press 

Philadelphia 
1917 


Copyright,  1917 

by 

HENEY  DEXTER  LEABNED 


PATEI 

ALIAM   IN   PAETEM   ITEE  MONSTEAVIT    II/LE 
MIHI    VIBES    DEFECEEVNT    SEQVENDO 


380106 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE 


No  work  heretofore  published  on  Sebastian  Brant's  Narrenschiff 
has  attempted  to  treat  thoroughly  the  subject  of  its  syntax,  al 
though  occasional  points  are  noted  and  discussed  in  Zarncke's 
edition,1  otherwise  so  exhaustive.  It  is  my  purpose  to  present  a 
systematic  study  of  the  syntax  in  as  complete  and  accessible  a 
manner  as  I  may,  and  thus  attempt  to  elucidate  some  part  of  this 
relatively  little  explored  transition  period  in  the  history  of  the 
literary  language :  when  the  Middle  High  German  literary  idioms 
were  gradually  breaking  down  and  giving  way  to  the  simpler,  more 
direct,  more  universal  constructions  of  the  popular  speech. 

The  matters  of  arrangement  and  accessibility,  in  which  our 
German  linguistic  treatises  leave  so  much  to  be  desired,  have 
seemed  to  me  to  be  of  especial  importance  in  such  a  work.  I  have 
therefore  been  at  great  pains  to  put  the  material  in  as  simple  and 
lucid  an  order .  as  I  could  devise :  alphabetic  wherever  possible, 
otherwise  according  to  its  logical  relation  or  importance.  I  have 
made  careful  cross-references  and  compiled  an  index  which  is 
intended  to  include  every  mention  of  every  word  and  every  con 
struction  discussed. 

It  has  been  my  aim  to  account  for  and  at  least  to  suggest  the 
explanation  or  development  of  every  syntactical  form  used  by 
Brant  which  is  not  found  in  the  literary  language  of  the  present 
day,  or  which  for  any  other  reason — such  as  recording  an  early 
appearance  of  a  modern  usage  foreign  to  Middle  High  German, 
or  for  the  sake  of  completeness — seemed  interesting  enough  to  note. 

Several  considerations  make  the  Narrenschiff  an  admirable 
subject  for  such  an  investigation.  In  the  first  place,  the  author 
was  not  much  of  a  traveller,  but  lived  all  his  days  in  the  neighbor 
hood  of  his  birthplace,  so  that,  in  spite  of  Zarncke's  repeated 


See  Bibliography. 

(7) 


8  •  Preface 

insistence  *  that  German  was  practically  a  foreign  language  to 
Brant,  we  may  safely  assume  that  he  spoke  an  unaffected  German : 
"  Wie  ihm  der  Schnabel  gewachsen  war."  Indeed,  the  very  fact 
that  Brant  was  accustomed  to  write  on  learned  topics  in  Latin 
makes  it  all  the  more  certain  that  this  work,  intended  for  popular 
reading,  represents  the  colloquial  idiom.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we 
find  but  one  or  two  expressions  that  can  possibly  be  called  Latin- 
isms  2  in  the  NarrenscMff.  Besides,  Brant  was  not  interested  in 
linguistics,  and  could  have  had  no  purpose  to  improve  his  native 
tongue  by  flavoring  it  with  Latin.  If  we  need  further  proof  of 
the  naive  character  of  Brant's  German,  it  is  to  be  found  in  the 
work  itself,  the  language  of  which  corresponds  perfectly  to  the 
present-day  dialect  of  that  region.3 

The  book  is  important  also  because  of  its  tremendous  circula 
tion'  and  its  profound  influence,  not  only  in  Germany,  but  all  ovei 
Europe,  which  need  not  be  discussed  here  in  detail;  and  in  this 
connection  we  should  note  that  it  just  precedes  the  influence  on  the 
literary  language  exerted  by  Luther's  translation  of  the  Bible. 

Finally,  and  perhaps  most  important,  we  have  in  this  text 
exactly  what  Brant  wrote,  since  it  is  evident  from  many  consider 
ations  4  that  Brant  himself  corrected  the  proof  sheets  very  care 
fully,  and  insisted  that  the  compositor  follow  his  copy  accurately. 
The  result  is  a  text  differing  not  a  little  from  the  language  of 
contemporary  prints. 

I  have  limited  myself  here  to  the  first  edition  of  149 4. 5 

Any  study  of  the  inflectional  forms  which  Brant  used  would 
be  beyond  the  scope  of  this  work.  Besides,  the  results  would  be 
of  questionable  reliability  because  of  the  hopeless  inconsistencies 
in  contractions  and  spelling  which  appear  on  every  page.  Brant 
seems  to  have  had  regard  only  for  sounds. 


1  Op.  tit.,  p.  xxiv  and  elsewhere. 

*  These  are  noted  where  they  appear  in  the  body  of  the  work. 

8  Cf.  Ch.  Schmidt  Wtirterbuch  der  Strassburger  Mundwrt,  Strassburg  1896. 
— I  have  discussed  certain  minor  points  of  deviation  from  the  popular  dialect 
in  the  last  chapter. 

*  Zarncke  op.  tit.,  p.  267. 

5 1  used  the  facsimile  edition  of  Franz  Schultz,  see  Bibliography. 


Preface  9 

I  have  noted  my  indebtedness  to  the  special  treatises  which 
were  useful  to  me  at  the  proper  places  in  the  footnotes,  and  col 
lected  these  and  some  more  general  titles  in  the  bibliography. 

At  this  point  it  may  be  proper  to  explain  that  I  have  not  had 
access  to  a  large  number  of  books  which  I  expected  to  find  helpful. 
Many  of  them  could  not  be  located  in  this  country  at  all,  and  of 
course  could  not  be  procured  from  abroad  at  this  time.  This  is 
particularly  true  of  dissertations  lately  published  in  Germany. 
To  be  sure,  relatively  little  has  been  done  with  the  syntax  of  these 
individual  monuments. 

Professor  Shumway,  who  suggested  this  subject  and  turned  over 
to  me  the  manuscript  of  an  unpublished  study  he  made  in  1898 
of  the  genitive  in  the  Narrenschiff,  besides  helping  me  in  many 
details,  has  incurred,  my  sincerest  gratitude.  The  searching  criti 
cisms  of  my  father,  Professor  Learned,  have  also,  I  trust,  borne 
fruit. 

HENRY  DEXTER  LEARNED. 

Philadelphia,  June  1917. 


CONTENTS. 

CHAPTEE  PAGE 

I.     USE   OF   CASES 13 

Accusative,  §§  If;  of  content,  §3;  of  limited  time  or  space, 
§  4 ;  of  specification,  §  5 

Dative  of  possession,  etc.,  §  6 ;  with  verbs,  §  7 ;  ethical,  §  8 ; 
by  attraction,  §  9 

Genitive,  possessive,  subjective,  §  10;  objective,  §  11;  of 
specification,  §§12f;  instrumental,  §14;  of  character 
istic,  §  15;  of  quality,  §  16;  of  cause,  §§  17  f;  of  material, 
§19;  partitive,  §20;  adverbial,  §21;  with  verbs,  §22. 

II.     PREPOSITIONS      24 

With  Accusative,  §23;  with  Dative,  §24;  with  Dative  and 
Accusative,  §  25 ;  with  Genitive,  §  26 ;  position  of  prepo 
sitions,  §27;  as  Prefixes,  §§28f. 

III.     PBONOUNS 28 

Personal  in  genitive,  §30;  Possessives,  §31;  Reflexives, 
§32;  Relatives,  §§33f;  Demonstratives,  §35;  with  in 
animate  antecedents,  §  36 ;  other  Pronouns,  §  37 ;  Def . 
Article,  §38. 

IV.     VEEBS      31 

Intransitives,  §39;  Impersonals,  §40;  Reflexives,  §41;  with 
varying  constr.,  §  42 ;  with  double  constr.,  §  43 ;  the  par 
ticle  ge-,  §  44. 

Syntax  of  moods:  Indie,  and  Subj.,  §§45f;  Infinitive, 
§§47ff;  Progressive  forms,  §50. 

V.     CONJUNCTIONS  AND  ADVEEBS 39 

Correlative  and  in  comparison,  §  51 ;  old  usages,  §  52 ; 
Adverbs,  §§53f. 

VI.  THE  RELATIVE  CONSEEVATISM  OF  BEANT,  LUTHEE 

AND  SACHS 43 

BlBLIOGEAPHY 50 

INDEX  .     52 


NOTE:  For  abbreviations  of  titles  not  self-explanatory,  consult  the  bib 
liography.  Citations  are  numbered  according  to  paragraphs  or  numbered  sec 
tions  where  the  particular  book  is  so  divided  ( e.  g.,  Paul,  Lehmann ) .  Figures 
not  preceded  by  any  other  note  refer  to  paragraphs  in  this  book.  References 
by  page  are  so  noted  (e,  g.,  p.  20).  Lines  from  the  Narrenschiff  are  cited  in 
Arabic,  Chapters  in  Roman  numerals.  Small  a,  b,  c,  d  after  the  number  of 
the  chapter  indicates  the  line  before  the  woodcut  accompanying  each  chapter 
( e.  g.,  vi  b ;  xxiv  10 ) .  The  "  Vorrede  "  is  abbreviated  "  Vorr." ;  "  title  "  means 
that  the  citation  is  from  the  title  to  the  chapter  noted. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

CHAPTER  I.     USE  OF  CASES. 
ACCUSATIVE. 

1.  The  use  of  the  accusative  in  the  Narrenschiff  does  not 
differ   greatly   from  the   modern   practise.      Some  verbs,   e.   g., 
garen,  take  an  accusative  in  the,  Narrenschiff  which  were  used 
differently  in  MHG. ;  but  the  old  and  the  new  usages  are  gener 
ally  found  together,  neither  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other.1     Where 
the  Narrenschiff  records  a  verb  with  the  accusative  only,  it  is  used 
so,  as  a  rule,  in  NHG.     So  we  find   bediiren,  flyehen,  bhiiten; 
the  impersonals  diirsten  (w.  noch  and  the  dative),  frtiren,  hun 
ger  n,  etc. 

2.  The  accusative  with  the  following  verbs  is  interesting: 
bedencken  2:  wer  bedenckt  all  dyng  by  zyt    xii  3. 
duncken:     Er  sicht  vil  das  jn  nit  dunckt  gut    xxvi  28. 

Der  dunckt  sich  stryffecht    Ivii  3. 

impersonally:  Manchen  dunckt  /  er  wer,  etc.    xxxiv  a. 

for  dencken:  Wer  vil  versuchen  dut  Den  dunckt  doch  nit 

eyn  yeder  gut    xviii  28. 

erkunden:    er  erkund  all  stett  vnd  landt    Ixvi  3. 
gelangen  3:    Alls  das  sy  gelangt   Ixxxii  56. 
(ge)  lusten  3 :    wan  hie  zu  leben  lust   xliii  14. 

Ein  yeder  findt  das  in  gelust    Vorr.  48. 
vermahlen:    Wer  die  (frow)  vermahlet  synem  lib    Ixiv  60. 
vnderstan :    ettwas  gross  vnderstan   xv  23. 
vrteln :      Wer  ander  vrtelt  bosz  vnd  kleyn  4  xxix  b. 


1  For  such  variant  usage,  see  the  chapter  on  verbs. 

2  Generally  intrans.,  or  reflex.,  as  in :  Wer  sich,  bedenckt    xii  5. 

3 MHG.  requires  the  subjective  idea  in  the  genitive,  thus:  des  sie  gelangt, 
etc.,  Cf.  22  footnote  to  entleren  and  Paul  265. 

*  Zarncke,  p.  358,  n.  to  this  passage,  calls  this  double  accusative,  otherwise 
unrecorded,  a  Latinism. 

(13) 


';!£*  v      ?**;«i  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 
••>.>«  -.';«•  %:  ' 

. 
beviln  1:  das  es  jnn  (ace.  s.  m.)  nit  bevilt    Ixxx  9. 

gewenden:     der  sorgt  Das  er  nit  gewenden  mag    xxiv  34. 
werffen:   Bisz  man  sie  wurffet  mit  eym  steyn    Ixii  11. 
zychen:     Was  zychstu  mich    xxiii  31. 
erziirnen  2:    das  er  Tceynen  erzilrn   xviii  24. 

3.  The  "  accusative  of  content/7  as  Paul  calls  it,3  is  repre 
sented  by  such  phrases  as :  Das  man  jm  fluch  bosz  schwur   Ixxvii 
66. 

4.  The  accusative  is  used,  as  in  all  periods  of  the  language, 
to  express  limited  or  definite  time  or  space: 

ir  verlust  Den  sie  den  tag  hetten  gehan     Vorr.  98. 

das  ichs  nit  mag  Volbringen  me  /  myn  alien  tag     v  16. 

Barmhertzigkeyt  die  leng  nit  stat     xiv  27. 

Gott  beittet  lange  jor     xxv  15. 

Der  weg  ist  breyt  Dan  vil  sint  die  jn  gant     xlvii  16. 

But  the  picturesque  use  of  the  accusative  with  any  verb  of 
motion  to  denote  the  space  covered,  so  extensive  in  MUG.,4  is  not 
found  otherwise. 

5.  A  related  use  of  the  accusative  is  to  denote  specification :  5 

pflichtig  ut;  schuldig  ut     Ivii  29  f. 

DATIVE. 

6.  The  use  of  the  dative  in  MHG.  was  but  little  different  from 
the  modern  practise.     We  should  not,  therefore,  expect  to  find 
much  to  discuss  in  the  Narrenschiff  under  this  caption.     It  is 
hardly  necessary  to  mention  such  obvious  constructions  as  the 
dative  of  possession  with  parts  of  the  body :  die  oren  mir,  etc. ; 


1  Cf.  2,  footn.  to  gelangen;  also  Paul  265. 

2  MHG.  zilrnen  is  transitive  (Paul  241).     Brant  uses  it  intransitively  in: 
Der  herr  des  emiirn  Do  mem  jn  hochfwrt  macht  den  turn   xcii  115f.,  where 
des  may  be  causal  genitive  or  the  object  of  erziirnen. 

3  Op.  oit.,  242. 

4  Paul  245. 

6  This  construction  occurs  only  in  such  phrases  in  the  Narrenschiff,    It  was 
much  more  widely  used  in  MHG.,  Cf.  Paul  247,  3. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  15 

the  dative  of  indirect  object  extended  to  adjectives:  mannen  schdnt- 
lich  Vorr.  116;  der  sel  so  fyndt  (=  feindlich)  Ixxxviii  25;  wie 
nach  (==  nah)  es  jm  sy  xcix  87 ;  Jceym  gehorsam  Ixxxv  8!7 ;  with 
the  phrases  goch  (=  jah,  eilig),  wol,  not  sein;  with  beitten,1 
dienen,2  gef alien;  similarly  in  such  an  expression  as:  das  man 
jm  fluch  bosz  schwur  Ixxvii  66 ;  with  gefiigen,  gelten,  glichen, 
glouben,3  gehoren,4  vermahlen :  w er  die  vermdhlet  synem  lib  Ixiv 
60;  vergiinnen,3  nemen,  raten,  bescheren,3  schmeichen  (  = 
schmeichelri) ,  trowen,  truwen,  tfin,  wichen,  bezalen,  zemen,5 
verzyhen. 

Note.     A  clear  instrumental  dative,  rare  even  in  MHG.,6  occurs 
in :  er  sy  alien  dingen  witzig    xxxvi  4. 

7.     Interesting  echoes  from  MHG.  are  found  in  the  continued 
construction  of  many  verbs  with  the  dative: 
(ge)  bresten :    jm  brest  hie  zitlich  gut    iii  13. 

was  7  im  gebrist    Vorr.  30. 

bekommen  (=  begegnen) :    das  jm  vil  lilt  beJcum    Ixxx  14. 
lassen  8:    Zum  bdttel  loss  ich  mir  der  wile    Ixiii  78. 
(ge)lieben    (=placere)  :  Dem  wisen  liebt  eynfaltiheit  xviii  30. 

wie  jm  gelyebt    Ivii  33. 
lieben     (=amare):    wer  mich  lieb  hat  /  den  lieb  ouch  ich    \\ 

xxii  17. 

luppen    (=lupfenQ) :  dem  fldschlin  luppen   Ixxxi  4. 
lusen    (=  prugeln) :  Des  soil  man  jm  mit  kolben  lusen    xc  12. 
rufen  10 :    ob  sie  morn  ruff  jm    xxxi  32. 


1  MHG.  regularly  with  the  genitive,  Paul  263.     The  example  in  the  Nwrren- 
schiff  is :  Do  jm  gott  beittet   xxv  15.     Elsewhere  it  is  intrans. 
8  Does  not  occur  in  the  sense  of  verdienen,  as  in  MHG. 
3  See  also  the  chapter  on  verbs. 
*  Occurs  once  with  zu  •'   der  hymel  ghfirt  nit  zu  Den  gensen   xiv  29  f . 

5  Still  strong,  as  in  MHG. 

6  Paul  249c.     The  usual  construction  in  MHG.  is  with  ze,  cf.  Lexer. 
T  Cf.  2,  footnote  to  gelangen. 

8  This  construction  is  not  recorded  elsewhere,  apparently. 

9  Zarncke,  p.  426  n.  to  this  passage,  gives  this  meaning,  i.  e.,  aufheben  uvn 
daraus  zu  trinken.     Elsewhere  in  MHG.  lupfen  is  always  transitive,  cf.  Lexer. 

10  Transitive  use  first  appears  in  late  MHG. ;  previously  the  dative  had  been 
the  regular  construction  (Paul  248;  Zarncke  p.  364 n.  to  xxxi  32). 


16  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

sparen  *:     Dar  vmb  /  das  jm  got  spart    Ixxxvi  16. 
trowen  2 :     er  manchen  trowt    x  3. 
volgen  3 :     volgen  gutem  ratt    viii  title. 

unwillen     (=  nauseare 4) :    so   unwillest   du   der   selen  min 
Ixxxiv  24. 

8.  A  peculiarly  striking  use  of  the  ethical  dative,  due  perhaps, 
to  a  violent  ellipsis,  occurs  in :  Dar  vmb  stund  kunig  Salomon  Synr 
muter  vff  /  von  synem  iron    xc  28. 

9.  A  kind  of  dative  by  attraction,  to  which  Zarncke  5  calls 
attention  as  being  not  uncommon  in  MHG.  when  a  preposition 
with  an  infinitive  communicates  its  action  to  the  intervening  noun : 
von  falbem  hengst  striche  c  title  in  register  (at  end  of  first  edi 
tion)  . 

GENITIVE. 

10.  The  most  interesting  case  in  the  Narrenschiff  from  a  his 
torical  point  of  view  is  the  genitive,  since  it  corresponds  best  to 
the  traditional  MHG.   usage,   while  showing  unmistakable  ten 
dencies  toward  modern  simplicity.     In  its  most  obvious  use,  as 
the  case  of  possession,  further  extended  to  the  subjective  idea  with 
verbal  nouns,  it  is  not  different  from  the  modern  practise:  eins 
mullers  thier    i  34 ;  das  1st  alter  narren  gltrust    xxxiv  7 ;  Der 
heylgen  vdtter  ler    Vorr.  3 ;  Vil  seek  die  synt  des  esels  dot    xxx  c ; 
we  have  also  the  construction:  Ein  frilndes  ratt    viii  31. 

11.  With  nouns  formed  from  verbs  we  have  an  objective  geni 
tive,  as  in  all  periods  of  the  language:    ervolgung  guter  sytten 
Vorr.  title;  sin  selbst  bewerung    xv  24;  vnsers  zu  lend  ist  keyn 
hoffen    cviii  44 ;.  erfarung  oiler  land    Ixvi  title ;  verretery  der  land 


1  Zarncke,  p.  431  n.  to  this  passage,  suggests  that  this  may  be  a  Latinism 
(cf.  parcere)  or  an  ellipsis,  the  dative  being  a  real  indirect  object. 

2  Probably  typographical  error  for  manchem,  since  the  antecedent  is  singu 
lar,  cf.  Zarncke  p.  318,  n.  to  this  passage. 

8  Regularly  with  the  dative  in  all  meanings.     Nevertheless  its  auxiliary  is 
haben  (as  in  Luther)  :  Hett  er  gefolget   viii  25. 

4  Meaning  given  by  Zarncke,  p.  429  n.  to  this  passage. 
6  Op.  cit.,  p.  443  n.  to  c  title. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  17 

Ixxxiii  14 ;  also  when  the  construction  is  extended  to  nouna  not  so 
immediately  suggesting  the  verbal  idea:  syner  zungen  meister 
xix  34 ;  man  hatt  jr  acht 1  ib.  54 ;  die  hant  der  geistlicheit  nit  acht 
Ixxiii  87 ;  durch  guts  willen  (=  von  Qeldes  wegeri)  lii  b;  des  zum 
ziigen  (=  als  Zeugen  dessen)  cxi  23. 

12.  The  use  of  the  genitive  to  denote  a  specific  modification  of 
an  idea — what  might  be  termed  a  genitive  of  specification — was 
well   established   in  MHG.,2   and   persists  in  the  Narrenschiff, 
although  it  is  in  many  cases  very  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
other  similar  uses.     Such  instances  as  the  following  may  perhaps 
be  grouped  most  satisfactorily  under  this  heading: 

Will  anders  er  mit  eren  stan    lix  8. 

Vil  hant  des  (=  darilber)  brieff  vnd  sygel  gut  Wie  das  sie 

sint  von  edelm  blut    Ixxvi  51  f. 
Der  vatter  hat  keynr  syppschafft  frog  3  cii  88. 

13.  We  may  perhaps  most  conveniently  explain  the  use  of 
the  genitive  with  certain  adjectives  as  being  immediately  related 
to  the  genitive  of  specification: 

behend4:    Der  messen  kunst  was  er  behend    Ixvi  28. 
blosz:     Der  ist  der  synn  vnd  wiszheit  blosz    xxi  c. 
fry5:     Der  happen  vnd  des  Jcolben  fry    Yorr.  132. 
mtissig  6:    Der  ging  der  narren  mussig  wol    Ixviii  34; 

Der  selben  wer  gut  mussig  gon    c  29. 
wert7:     der  eren,  geldes,  bessers  wert. 
gewisz  4:    gewiss  der  set    Ixxxv  140 ;  syn  (=  dessen)  ungewisz 

Ivii  84. 

/     14.     A  construction  closely  related  to  the  foregoing  is  the  instru 
mental  genitive.     Typical  examples  are :  bdttlens  er  sich  nert    Ixx 


1  Occurs  in  MHG.,  but  more  commonly  with  tif  or  zet  cf.  Zarncke  p.  335  n. 
to  this  passage. 

2  Paul  259  et  passim,. 

3  MHG.  fragen  takes  the  genitive,  Paul  263. 
*  Paul  266. 

6  Paul  259 ;  cf .  also  under  prep.  vor. 

'Zarncke,  p.  409  n.  to  Ixviii  34,  cites  examples  of  this  construction  from 
H.  Sachs  and  Seb.  Franck;  cf.  also  Paul  266. 

7  Paul  261. 


18  77/r 

28;  but  also:  all  welt  will  mit  Idttlen  neren  sick  Ixiii  3;  and: 
vil  neren  vsz  dem  bdttel  sich  Ixiii  93  ;  keyns  mit  dem  tmdern  halt 
mitlyden  syner  schwdr  xcix  78.  In  one  instance  this  genitive 
is  replaced  by  a  prepositional  phrase:  Wer  von  syner  sack  will 


15.  The  j'vmlive  .»!'  rli;ir:ir|eristic   IH  used    rather  more    lYeeK 

than  in  modern  German.  Examples  are  Der  sy  guter  dyng  Vorr. 
135  ;  Die  sint  des  adels  von  Bennfeldt  Ixxvi  46. 

16.  The    i-emliNc    of   quality    (c.    »/.,    <fcr    rillrr   i/nolcr   siniir; 
linn1*  innii  :  frisf  tfn-ii'r  irinlrr;  ;nul  |)lir:iscs  willi  IIKI  nclirrlt'i  .  ullrr 
hand,  ••!.-.),  ;i   \.T\   similar  con  Inn-lion  lo  tlio  his!,  docs  not.  o<vnr 
in    Ilir    A  (//-/v//.sr  hi  ft.    pn»|i:ihlv    l>cc;i  ns«-    II  ran!,    simply    lound    no 
occnsion  I..  us(^  it;  il,  Imd  not  died  on!   ;il   llml   time,  IMI!   \v;is  <piih- 
common    unhl    much    hilcr. 

17.  The    nse    of    tlid    "-rniliyo    to    express    cause,     iVc.pienl     in 
M1KJ.,1  isslill  common  in  (he  A  ,/r/v//.sr//  ///'://  II>I<I<TS  sf,'rl><'ii      \\\\\ 

51;  weniy  sind  syn  (mmdavon)  warden  rich*  cii  62;  Nabal  wer 
syns  gsp6ts  gelont  xlii  28  ;  des  (••  deswegenf  deshalb,  etc.)  occurs 
ahoul  thirls  times:  dw  verdurbt  num  nit  Ixiii  84;  the  last  is  as 
often  expressed  by  darvmb,  however,  showing  the  tendency  to 

abandon  the  old  construction. 

18.  A  further  extension  of  (lie  causal  idea  ma\   he  seen  in  the 
use  of  the  genii  ive  after  the  following  adject  iyes: 

geert:       //*/////•    ln»s:.  In-il    iril    ich    xi/n    //<•(•/•/     y     10;    Die 

solicits  rales  hoch  </<v/7     \ii    10; 
fron:    V^r.v  fiilxchen.  ordrn  /»///.  ich.  fro    \  128  ; 
swfir  4  :    Myrrha  wer  nit  Adonis  swdr  (—  schwanger)   \\\\  .r 
urtrlitz6:    des  urtriitx   oiii  !!)<>; 

to  which  we  may  add  the  phrase:  dee  (—  dessen)  stroff  oxi  82. 


I  Paul  207. 

II  Paul  254,  207. 
'  75.  250, 

4  But  of.:  von  Wtvn  tohwfir  xlviii  2. 

'  Zarnoke,  p,  451  n.  to  thia  passage,  quotes  examples  from  H.  Sachs;  of. 
MHO.  wrdrtawmt  \vith  gmitive,  Paul  265, 


Tin'  tfi/ntax  of  Brant's  Narrawhiff  19 

Note.    In  the  same  connection  we  may  logically  remark  that 

Iho  phrase  frond  ban,  which  we  .should  expect  to  find  \\ilh  the 
CMIISM!  ^vnilivo,  recpiire^  :i  pivpoMliniuil  rxpres  i.m  :,/,//-,/„  Nii  I; 

dor  ab  ex  1;  Mancher  hat  von  sym  reden  freyd;  we  find  also 
sorg  han  with  vmb  cv  64;  with  vff  xlviii  77;  ratt  pflegen  with 
rmh  l  viii  b;  Ion  vmb  vii  20.  Further  instances  of  preposi 
tional  phnises  where  we  should  oxpec!  cnusiil  irenitives  nro:  At/nni 

wer  nit  von  <>//m  L-ln/nm.  bisz  Gestossen  vsz  dem  Paradisz  xii  13 ; 

Da*  fi/))f)'  ilninch-fn  trcr  ron  iri/n.    \vi  Si>. 

19.  The  genitive  of  material,  which  was  extensively  usoxl  in 

MIKJ.,'-!  is  iii.ich  resh-iclcd  in  1  ho  Xarrcnscli /'//'.  occiirriiiij:  oulv  in 
.such  expressions  :is:  Drr  Itiil  ror  fiillitiKj  sirli  ,/cr  N//.V:  :t  cvi  kj:>; 

mil  /n'l/ltfrr  </<'sr/i n'/J'l  '   X'orr.  1 ;  alles  adels  Idr  Ixxvi  61 ;  it  is  not 

found  \\ilh  IKMMI    .  ;i     in    Ml  1C.  <l<i;  r/oAA'.v  //'c'/r. 

20.  The  Partitive  genitive  is  used  in  the  Narrenschiff  much 

sis    in    M1KJ.      M.xjnnples   nre:    fin    /)/c;//m///vr/   Jrffks     xliv   20; 

m*  gelts   Ixiii  94;  Per  (—  deren)  sytzen  vier  vnd  zwenttig  noch 

'Sri    (.v/V)    Mrnsinirti      Ixiii    ,'{;{  ;     I'//    //(/r/r//.         //v/j/r/    /r//.svr   .v/;// 

xlvii  28;  / //  //\////.s  xvi  6;  so  vil  der  down  Vorr.  50;  Der  sclben 
man  em  teil  hie  fyndt*  Vorr.  127;  was  ere,9  was  gliicks,  //v/,v 
gewins  etc. ;  Der  jm  nye  leydes  hatgethan  xb;  Des  glychen  Plato 
ouch  geschach  xxxv  19 ;  Des  glichen  vor  nie  wiirt  gehdrt  ciii  150 ; 

Dt-r  must  t/fs  ini-rhs  jnn  orcn  Initi"1     xxxvi  .'50;  jr  kfi/nfr*    \\    17; 

jr  i/c,der  Ixxiii  81;  der  (—deren)  dheyner  Ix  10;  alter  sorgen 
keyn  xcix  188 ;  So  drincken  wir  dann  nit  des  b6sten9  Ixxxi  23 ; 

so  jilso  wild  snperl:i!i\<^,  hut  limited  .MS  in  modern  (Jernuin:  allcr 

meyst   xxi  24;  vffs  aller  best  (saepw*) ;  aller  mynst   Ixv  65. 

Note.    Instances  in  which  the  partitive  genitive,  strictly  re 
quired  in  MHG.,  is  replaced  by  another  construction  are:  cyn 

hrnl     xlvi  I}!);   \'<ni.  In'irlicni  huh  irli  r//vwww  hurl     i  .r.  ;  Mm 


1  Of.  MHO,  8i  wurden  d#8  *e  rAte.  '  76.  250. 

•Paul  250.  «76.  253. 

"76.  203.  '//>.  202. 

4  76.  250.  •  76.  254. 

1  The  only  occurrence  of  this  construction,  etten  and  trinckcn  requiring  the 

elsewhere  in   the 


20  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

hat  man  dock  der  gschrifft  so  vil  Von  alter  vnd  von  nuwer  ee 
(=  Testament)  xi  15 ;  er  von  dem  appfel  asz  xii  12  ;  Jcouffen  wyn 
noch  brot  xix  44;.  this  is  true  with  numerals  where  a  qualifying 
adjective  intervenes/  as  in:  vier  kleyne  ding  cvi  13;  with  vil, 
which  has  thus  lost  its  old  substantive  character  to  this  extent  and 
is  used  as  a  numeral:  vil  andern  (dat.  plu.)  Ixix  12 ;  jnn  vil  joren 
Ixxxv  12 ;  vile  Landt  (metri  causa)  Ixvi  49 ;  but  with  a  qualifying 
adjective  the  genitive  is  always  used  after  vil  (about  50  cases 
occur  which  are  certainly  genitive,  including  those  in  which  a 
qualifying  adjective  is  present,  e.  g.,  vil  falscher  ler  ciii  75),  and 
in  the  majority  of  instances  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  case 
because  of  the  confusion  in  inflectional  endings;  similarly,  with 
all,  me  (mer) ,  manch,  wenig  the  usage  is  divided,  showing  a 
partial  decay  of  the  old  construction.2  Statistics  would  obviously 
be  worthless. 

21.  The   genitive   is   occasionally  more  loosely  used   in  the 
Narrenschiff,  as  in  all  periods  of  the  language,  as  an  adverb,  es 
pecially  in  time  phrases :  der  richman  asz  des  morndes  jnn  der  hell 
xvi  46;  eyns  mols    xix  81  (but  also  frequently  eyn  mol    xiii  11)  ; 
morgens;  nachts;  der  wile. 

22.  A  relatively  large  number  of  verbs  which  in  MHG.  gov 
erned  the  genitive  retain  it  in  the  Narrenschiff.     Here  are  to  be 
found  such  traditional  Indo-European  constructions  as  the  geni 
tive  with  verbs  indicating  mental  processes :    dencken,  entpfinden, 
vergessen,  etc. ;  with  verbs  indicating  plenty  or  lack  (separation), 
akin  to  the  partitive  idea :  entberen,  falen,  bedtirf en ;  verbs  in 
which  the  causal  idea  is  prominent:  eren, frowen;  many  reflex 
ives,  as  sich  vlissen ;  besides  many  instances  in  which  the  genitive 
exercises  a  looser,  less  easily  classified  defining  function.     In  the 
following  list  only  those  verbs  are  noted  which  are  restricted  to 
the  genitive.     Those  having  a  double  construction  or  a  choice  of 
constructions  are  treated  in  the  special  chapter  on  verbs. 


1  But  when  the  numeral  follows,  the  usage  is  as  in  NHG. :  vnser  schwestern 
vier    Ixxvii  92;  der  syben  wunder  eyns    Ixxxv  105. 

2  For  further  example  of  substitution  cf.  25,  an. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  21 

entberen  *:     Es  ist  der  narren  gut  entbern   xlii  a. 

jr  beid  entberen    Ixxix  14. 

dencken2:    die  wenig  dochtent  myn    Vorr.  93. 
beduncken    (sich)3:  der  bduht  sick  syner  narrheyt    cxi  55. 
diirf  en  4 :   sie  dorffen  sir  off  ens  nicht    vi  8. 
f alen  5 :   Des  mancher  fait   Ixxv  4. 
entpfinden    * :    er  entpfand  der  gewaltigen  handt    Ivii  54. 

der  hdchlen  er  entpfyndt    Ixxi  a ; 

das  er  das  entpfindt   vii  7. 
flyssen   (sich)  6 :  Wer  wyns  vnd  feiszt  dings  flysset  sich  xvi  49  ; 

but  once :  er  sich  druff  flyszt    vi  4. 
frowen    (sich)7 :  Der  sich  syns  vnglucks  frowt   x  4. 
fiiren    (=  feiern)  8 :  Der  studentten  ich  ouch  nit  fur   xxvii  1. 
uberheben  (sich)Q:  Sins  gliicks  sich  nyemans  vberhab  xxiii  27. 
beklagen    (sich) :  Nestor  (et  al.)  beklagensichdes,  etc.  xxvi  34. 
abkommen  10 :  des  esels  Icumen  ab    Ixxviii  10. 
lachen:    So  man  sin  lach    Ixvii  7; 

Wer  lachet  des  eyn  ander  weynt    Ixviii  15. 


1MHG.  eribem  regularly  takes  the  genitive  (Paul  264).  Confusion  due  to 
the  use  of  es  (nom.,  gen.  sing.)  seems  to  be  the  origin  of  the  following  cases 
of  apparent  accusative:  Der  mftsz  hfiren  /  das  er  gem  eritbur  xli  4;  danck 
vnd  Ion  entbern  xcvi  14.  This  also  appears  in  Luther  (Lehmann  27)  :  die 
Gaste  warens  nicht  werth  Matt.  22,  8 ;  Gallion  nahm  sichs  nichts  an  Ap.  18, 
17;  So  wird  ers  Schaden  leiden  1  Cor.  3,  15;  da  hatten  es  etliche  ihren  Spott 
Ap.  17,  32. 

2  Rare,  generally  replaced  by  gedencken,  q.  v.  under  verbs.     Cf.  also:  den 
selben  noch  zudencken   Vorr.  102. 

3  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  265. 

4  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263.     An  apparent  accusative 
occurs  in:  Der  da/rff  gluck  /  vnd  wetter  gut   cix  12. 

5  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263.     One  instance  of  an  with 
this  verb  occurs:  Wann  er  nit  hett  gefdlet  dran    Ixxv  28. 

6  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263.     Several  instances  of  vff 
with  this  verb  occur :  er  sich  dar  vff  flyszt   vi  4. 

T  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263.  The  NHG.  construction 
with  auf  also  appears  once :  mancher  frowt  sich  /  vff  frdmbde  hab  xciv  a. 

8  For  form  cf.  Zarncke  p.  356  n.  to  this  passage. 

»  Perhaps  the  analogy  to  MHG.  uber  werden  with  the  genitive  ( Paul  263 ) 
may  be  the  explanation  of  this  construction. 

10  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263. 


22  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

<•» 

vermessen   (sick) :  sollen  sie  sich  des  vermessen   Ixxx  25. 
war  nemen:    es  nam  nyeman  sm  war   xiii  92. 
pflegen  x :    sie  grosser  wiszheyt  pflegen   xlvi  7. 
(be)riimen    (sich)  :  Mancher  ~berumbt  sich  grosser  sach    li  13 

(replaced  once  by  vsz  w.  dat.?  cf.  24). 

verrtichen    (sich)2:  Gott  des  menschen  sich  verrucht    xxiii  7. 
schonen3:   Mancher  der  sytten  wenig  schont    ix  21. 

Eyn  alter  narr  synr  sel  nit  schont   v  33. 
versehen  (sich)4:  ich  mich  des  versich    ex  15. 
spotten:  Die  juden  spotten  vnser   xcv  46. 
(ver)  sumen     (sich) :    ich    hett   des   schiffes   mich   versumbt 

Ixxviii  3. 
vergessen  5:     syn  selbs  vergessen   Iviii  title. 

des  fldschlins  vergessen   Ixxx  26. 
waltten6:    Tdeynes  heres  /  walttet  got   xcix  166. 
warten  7:    Der  letsten  (pfrunden)  wart  er  jnn  der  hell    xxx  32. 

yeder  wart  Der  vrteil  die  er  geben  hat    ii  25. 

Der  wardt  des  schlegels  vff  dem  tach    xxiii  4. 

Gott  Jr  (gen.  plu.)  warttet    xxv  9. 

(also  once  with  vff  and  the  accusative:  er  musz  warten 

vff  bescheyt   Ixii  22. 
verwegen    (sich)  8:  Procris  der  hecJcen  sich  verwdg  xii  52. 


1  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  264. 

2  MHG.  ruochen  regularly  takes  the  genitive,  Paul  263. 


8  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  264.  The  analogy  of  spwen, 
schonen  to  Latin  parcere  is  probably  responsible  for  the  dative  in:  der  Tceym 
Indt  geschont  Ixxxv  86. 

*  Cf.  Paul  266. 

6  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  264.    The  accusative,  how- 
ever,  is  regular  in  MHG.  when  another  genitive  is  dependent  upon  the  first 
(Paul  264  a.  2)  :  sie  vergisz  jrs  hertzen  leyd   liii  14. 

•  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263. 

7  MHG.  wcvrten  is  used  with  both  genitive  and  dative  (Paul  248,  263),  but 
no  instances  occur  in  the  Ncvrrenschiff  which  are  certainly  dative. 

8  Zarncke,  p.  325  n.  to  this  passage,  gives  examples  of  genitive  and  accus 
ative  from  late  MHG.,  and  other  references. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  23 

werden  ems,1  jnn  2:    80  werden  sie  des  kouffes  eis  (sic)  Ixi  29. 
weynen:     Wer  lachet  des  eyn  ander  weynt    Ixviii  15. 
gewonen  3:  er  hat  sin  nit  gewont    ix  22. 


1  Probably  does  not  occur  earlier  than  H.  Sachs,  cf.  Zarncke  p.  398  n.  to 
Ixi  29. 

2  Paul  260.    No  certain  examples  of  genitive  occur,  but  the  following  may 
be  cited  as  showing  a  reflection  of  the  MHG.  usage,  the  apparent  accusative 
being  due  to  the  confusion  in  forms  explained  in  the  footnote  to  entberen: 
Das  wiirt  er  jn  dem  altter  jnn   xvi  10;  das  nyemari  Das  jnnen  werd   li  32; 
examples  such   as:   Das  man  me  nuwer  mdr  werd  jnn   xi  29  do  not  prove 
anything. 

3  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  263.     The  MHG.  gen.  e's  (cf. 
footnote  to  entberen)    seems  to  be  preserved  in:   ders  nit  hat  gewont   v  34. 
So  also  with  erbarmen:  das  es  got  erbarm    Ixiii  6.     Cf.  also  jnn  werden  and 
footnote. 


GHAPTEE  II.     PREPOSITIONS. 

Note.  It  will  be  necessary  to  catalogue  only  those  prepositions 
the  syntax  or  meaning  of  which  in  the  Narrenschiff  varies  from 
the  present  norm,  since  in  the  main  the  two  usages  coincide. 

23.     Preposition  with  the  accusative: 

(lurch  with  the  accusative  occurs  very  frequently  to  express 
cause,  agency,  etc.:  durch  Sebastiami  Brant  Vorr.  tit. 
Dana  entpfing  nit  durch  das  golt  xii  60 ;  durch  gotts 
willen  xx  1Y ;  wibe  durch  gutz  wille  lii  tit. ;  man  geb 
jn  durch  (=  wegen)  jr  wiszheyt  nut  xix  61. 

f iir  is  still  written  (=  NHG.  vor)  1  with  the  accusative,  al 
though  once  we  find:  Wer  vor  frowen  vnd  kynder  wil 
reden  xlix  1.  It  occasionally  occurs  in  the  sense  of 
anstatt  or  lieber  als,  as  in:  fur  wyn  das  wasser  xxxviii  5. 

gegen  seems  to  be  restricted  to  the  accusative,  cf.  gen,  24. 

on  (once  an)  is  written  for  MHG.  ane,  NHGr.  ohne:  on  mich; 
on  das.2 

vmb  retains  its  traditional  spelling.  It  occurs  in  the  senses  of 
fur:  guts  vmb  bosz  Ixviii  12 ;  der  Ion  drumb  xxii  31 ; 
of  wegen  very  frequently:  mich  schelten  vmb  min  nutz- 
lich  ler  Vorr.  81 ;  vmb  eyn  byssen  brot  xlvi  39 ;.  dar 
vmb  (cf.  17",  des)  for  1STHG.  deswegen;  Eyn  schadlich 
ding  ist  vmb  den  wyn  xvi  13 ;  es  stiind  vmb  die  Jcynd 
bos  vi  31 ;  less  commonly  in  the  sense  of  von:  das  er 
dar  vmb  nit  weiszt  Ixxx  12 ;  and  nach:  wenn  eyn  kleyn 
zyt  vmbhar  gat  (=  nach  einiger  Zeit)  Ixxxi  31.  It  ex 
presses  the  measure  in:  es  fait  vmb  eyn  burenschritt 
Ixv  52. 

24.     Prepositions  with  the  dative: 

ab  3  has  been  preserved  in  many  examples :  ab  dem  hafen  Ixxxi 
50 ;  ob  tusend  sturben  drab  cii  12. 


1  Paul  270.  2  Cf.  26  for  on  with  the  genitive. 

•Paul  271. 

(24) 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  25 

by  occurs  in  time  phrases  where  NHG.  would  use  some  other 
preposition :  by  den  joren  vi  9  ;  by  jren  tag  en  xli  18. 

gen  x  is  still  used  with  the  dative :  gen  jm  xxviii  14 ;  gen  mit- 
temtag  Ixvi  44;  gen  dem  hagel,  dem  wynd,  der  erden, 
etc. 

mit 2  is  used  peculiarly  in :  het  ich  in  mit  sym  namen  gnent 
Vorr.  63. 

ob  3  occurs  once:  ob  der  hant    Ixxix  15. 

vsz  is  used  where  NHG.  would  replace  it  by  some  other  con 
struction  in:  vsz  dem  eebruch  rumen  sich  xxxiii  28. 

von  in  phrases  has  begun  to  replace  the  partitive  genitive.4 
It  is  used  much  as  in  OTIG.,  except  to  express  agent, 
where  durch  is  more  common. 

vor  5  is  the  regular  form  of  this  word  with  the  dative,  although 
we  have  one  case  of  confusion  in:  jm  fur  Ivi  31.  It  is 
used  occasionally  in  the  sense  of  wegen,  as  in  NUG. : 
vor  wyszheyt  xlii  9;  and  once  with  fry:  Vor  btriignisz 
syner  frowen  fry  xxxii  23. 6 

zfi  7  occurs  in  several  phrases  which  would  seem  peculiar  today : 
zu  dem  schiff  schwymme  Vorr.  22 ;.  schiessen  zu  dem 
zil  xix  66 ;  zu  dem  Icouff  gut  Vorr.  54 ;  zu  nacht  ib. 
90;  zu  husz  (=  nach  House)  vi  45,  xxxiv  14;  zu  eym 
zeichen  (=  als  Zeicheri)  viii  16  ;  Die  jn  erschlug  zu  dot 
xii  18 ;  zu  hant  (=  so  fort)  xii  23  ;  Jceyn  arbeit  dett  nie 
gut  zur  yl  (=  eilig)  xlviii  49 ;  zu  ruck  (=  hinterruclcs) 
ci  6. 


1  Paul  270.     The  Narrenschiff  prints  gon  in  one  instance. 

2  This  preposition  is  frequently  used  without  an  object    (a  possible  con 
struction  even  in  MHG.,  cf.  Zarncke,  p.  331  n.  to  xvii  a)  :  Wer  gut  hat  /  vnd 
ergetzt  sich  mit   xvii  a;  Als  ob  man  gott  wolt  zwingen  mitt    Ixv  89. 

NOTE.     Another  case  of  prepositions  used  without  objects  (i.  e.,  as  adverbs) 
occurs  in:  noch  (=  nach)  als  vor  (saepius) ,  which  has  analogues  in  NHG. 

3  Paul  271. 

4  Cf.  20  note. 

6  Paul  270.     Cf.  also  23. 

6  Cf.  15. 

7  The  form  zu    (zu)    is   printed  three  times,  perhaps  due  to  the  regular 
MHG.  spelling  (and  sound)  ze. 


26  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

Note.     The  adjective  glichis  treated  as  a  preposition  governing 
the  dative  in  such  phrases  as:  glich  eym  ross   xxxii  22. 1 

25.  Prepositions  with  both  dative  and  accusative. 

The  distinction  between  the  uses  of  the  two  cases  is  the  same  as 
in  all  periods  of  the  language. 

an  occurs  in  several  phrases  which  are  reminiscent  of  the  more 
definite  use  of  this  preposition  in  MHG. :  an  der  sunn 
iv  13 ;  an  beiden  ougen  blynt  xxx  10 ;  er  fing  am  pfarrer 
an  xliv  31 ;  an  jrm  bett2  Ivi  37 ;  an  Tcreyssen  (=  par 
titive  genitive  3)  Ixvi  24 ;  hie  ist  an  narren  kein  gebiiist  4 
Vorr.  4T ;  Wo  an  dem  pfening  ist  gebrust  xviii  32 ; 
dot  an  vergyfftem  wyn  cix  28. 

hynder  is  used  in  its  MHG.  sense  in  the  phrase  hynder  sich 
(=  zuruck  or  riickwarts)  xl  16. 

in  with  the  accusative  is  used  to  express  purpose  occasionally  5 : 
jn  warnung  (==  zur  Warnung)  xii  24;  Die  zung  die 
brucht  man  in  das  recht  xix  45.  The  accusative  is 
striking  in :  jnn  manche  wise  Ixxxix  8. 

vff  is  used  more  freely  than  in  NHG. :  vff  das  (==  damit  dass) 
ii  9 ;  in  time  phrases :  vff  eynen  tag  (saepius)  ;  and  in 
the  elliptical  phrase:  vff  jrdeschs  yeder  narr  erblindt 
(=  in  Bezug  auf  Irdisches)  Ivxi  128. 

under  (still  spelled  as  in  MHG.)  occurs  frequently  in  the 
phrase:  underwil  (underwile). 

26.  Prepositions  with  the  genitive. 

glich  (originally  an  adjective,  as  in  glich  wie,  als)  is  often  used 
as  a  preposition  governing  the  genitive,  especially  with 


1  Cf.  also  glich  with  the  genitive,  26. 

2  Regularly  used  with  lett  until  the  xvi  cent.,  cf.  Zarncke  p.  392  n.  to  this 
passage. 

3  Cf.  20  note.     Zarhcke,  p.  407  n.  to  this  passage,  quotes  an  example  from 
Tristan. 

*  Another  instance  of  substitution  for  the  genitive,  cf.  2  footnote  to  gelangen. 
5  Zarncke,  p.   320  n.  to  xii  24,  describes  this  as  a  Latinism,  and  cites 
examples  from  Vindler,  Geiler,  Hugo  v.  Trimberg  and  Luther. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  27 

pronouns  x :    er  allzyt  flisset  sich   Wie   yederman  syg 
synen  (=  sein,  seiner}  glich   cv  14. 

on  is  apparently  used  as  a  preposition  governing  the  genitive,2 
or  at  least  as  a  prefix:  sie  syn  soltten  wynes  on  /  vnd 
alles  das  do  truncken  macht  xvi  32  f . ;  wassers  on  lix 
23 ;  oiler  sinnen  on  Ixxii  29. 

27.  The  preposition  is  frequently  placed  at  some  distance  from 
its  logical  object,  thus  becoming  formally  an  adverb,  as  in  MHG.,3 
and  colloquially  today :  Wer  will  eym  yeden  drincken  zu   xvi  54 ; 
Do  er  wart  selbst  gehenclcet  an    Ixix  20 ;  Do  man  nit  vor  (—  vor- 
her)  /eyn  zanck  vmb  hob    Ixxi  4;  or  it  may  follow  the  noun,  as 
in:  den  berg  vff    Ivi  53;  jm  fur   ib.  31;  trostes  an   Ixv  85. 

28.  The  behavior  of  prepositions  used  as  prefixes  (separable) 
is  practically  identical  with  the  present  norm  (except  for  their 
position  in  the  sentence,  which  is  quite  irregular),  the  preposition 
giving  up  its  original  construction  with  a  certain  case  in  favor  of 
the  case  demanded  by  the  whole  verbal  idea. 

Note  1.  With  vor  the  dative  is  used  exclusively.4 
Note  2.  The  compounds  noch  stellen,  noch  stygen  are  used 
with  both  dative  and  accusative:  den  (ace.  s.  m.)  stellt  er  noch 
Ixvi  145 ;  Wer  hohen  dingen  stellet  noch  xxiv  21 ;  Die  stygen 
vogelndster  noch  xxxvi  14 ;  otherwise  noch  in  composition  requires 
the  dative. 

Note  3.     By  a  natural  confusionbekommenis  printed  once  for 
bykommen  (==  NHG.  begegnen),  with  the  dative. 

29.  The  inseparable  prefixes  conform  to  the  NHG.  norm. 


1Zarncke,  p.  385  n.  to  xlix  24,  cites  many  examples  from  other  writers. 

3  Paul  259.  Cf.  also  23  on.  Zarncke,  p.  329  n.  to  xvi  32  f.,  regards  it 
rather  as  a  prefix.  The  original  adverbial  use  appears  in :  Mttlen  dut  nyeman 
we  On  dem  /  der  es  mfisz  trilen  Ixiii  81  f. 

3  Paul  273.     Cf.  also  24  footnote  to  mit. 

4  Cf.  24  vor. 


GHAPTEE  III. 

30.  The  personal  pronouns   are  in  general  the  same   as  in 
.,  with  the  exception  that  the  MHG.  forms  min,  din,  sin,  ir 

are  printed  (in  various  ways:  myn,  etc.,  and  sometimes  extended 
forms  * :  sinen,  iren) .  The  NHG.  forms  of  the  genitive  (meiner, 
etc.)  are  not  used. 

31.  Possessives  are  frequently  accompanied  by  the  definite 
article,  and  then  stand  after  the  noun :  der  g fatter  min    Yorr.  45  ; 
vsz  der  worJieit  syn   xi  19 ;  while  with  parts  of  the  body,  etc.,  the 
possessive  is  frequently  replaced  by  the  dative  of  the  personal 
pronoun,  as  in  NHG. ;  but  in  as  many  cases  both  the  possessive 
and  the  dative  of  the  personal  pronoun  are  used  together:  schmy- 
eren  yedem  syn  styrn    xviii  23 ;  Dem  wiirt  verbrennt  syn  consci- 
entz    xii  80. 

32.  The  reflexive  of  the  third  person  in  the  dative  is  still,  as 
in  MHG.,2  the  dative  of  the  personal  pronoun  (im,  ir,  in) ,  sich 

being  confined  to  the  accusative :  Der  wiirfft  von  jm  das  blut  Vorr. 
76 ;  Das  sie  soldi  lilt  sol  by  jr  han  xli  12. 

33.  Either  the  demonstrative  der  die  das,3    the  interrogative 
wer  was,4  or  welcher  (weller)  may  be  user  as  relative,  whether 
the  antecedent,  definite  or  indefinite,  be  omitted  or  not.5     The 
usage  is  very  free,  as  in  MHG.,6  in  the  Narrenschiff :  alls  das  man 
jm  bringt    xvi  55 ;  durch  die  /  by  eym  sind    xxxix  30 ;  Es  sindt 
vff  erd  Die  scliwdtzen    xix  19 ;  Durch  sie  wiirt  kru  das  vor  was 


1  For  detailed  treatment  of  these  c/.  Zarncke  p.  385  n.  to  xlix  24. 

2  Paul  217. 
s  76.  343,  1. 
4  76.  343,  2. 

6  The  extended  forms  in  the  genitive  (dessen,  deren,  derer,  wessen)  and  in 
the  dative  plural  (denen)  are  not  used  in  the  Narrenschiff:  Der  sich  des  doch 
nit  nymet  an  Vorr.  62;  Der  sint  vil  tusent  yetz  verlom  xxxi  33;  Den  fait  jr 
anschlag  xliii  34;  only  two  instances  in  the  genitive  plural  and  two  in  the 
dative  plural  of  the  demonstrative  occur;  ddnen  xcvii  8;  denen  ciii  135; 
dern  xcviii  c;  deren  xcviii  29. 

•  Of.  Paul  344. 

(28) 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  29 

schlecht  ib.  46 ;  das  er  gM  /  nymbt  er  zu  zyt  xxvi  64 ;  Das  er 
nit  syn  will  /  das  er  ist  xxix  34 ;  welch  wol  <wil  xxxii  3 ;  der 
.  .  .  wan  zu  leben  lust  xliii  14 ;  Der  ist  eyn  narr  /  der  macht 
eyn  fur  Oder  wer  fackeln  zilndet  an  xxviii  1,  3.  The  same 
interchange  occurs  in  the  corresponding  adverbs,  do  and  wo  being 
used  with  apparently  no  distinction  as  relative  adverbs,  as  in 
MHG. 

Note.     As  general  double  relative  was  is  used  in :  was  gwalt 
hat  /  vnd  vil  gelt    xlvi  c. 

34.  An  interesting  survival  which  to  the  present  time  has  not 
completely  disappeared  from  colloquial  speech  is  the  old  relative 
so  1:    vnder  alter  creatur  So  hat  vernunfft    liv  17;  Des  lands  so 
man  erJcundet  hat    Ixvi  46 ;  sumnisz  vnd  schand  so  man  yetz  spurt 
xcix  2 ;  all  die  /  so  wiszheyt  handt  eruolget    cvii  75. 

35.  The  demonstrative  pronouns  do  not  differ  in  use  from  the 
present  norm  except  that  the  genitive  singular  of  der  2  is  occasion 
ally  replaced  by  the  genitive  of  the  personal  pronoun,  sin,  as  in 
late  MHO.3 :  mancher  will  sin  Jceyn  wort  han  (==  davon  nichts 
ho'ren)    ex  c. 

36.  Personal,  relative,   demonstrative  and  interrogative  pro 
nouns  having  inanimate  antecedents  may,  when  used  with  a  prepo 
sition,  be  replaced  by  the  corresponding  adverb,  but  the  usage  in 
the  Narrenschiff  is  very  irregular  in  this. 

37.  Various  other  pronouns  may  be  mentioned  for  the  sake 
of  completeness: 

lit,  nut  appear  for  MHG.  icht,  nicht  (NHG.  nichts).  The 
latter  is  never  confused  with  the  particle  of  negation :  nit.4 

yeman  (yemans  yemens)  and  yederman  are  always  unin- 
flected. 


1  Paul  343,  2,  a.  2. 

2  Of.  33  footnote  5. 

3  Paul  222. 

4  Cf.  Shumway  The  Verb  in  Thos.  Murner,  i,  p.  39  footn.  3. 


30  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narenschiff 

vil  and  me,  originally  adjectives,  are  often  used  as  pronouns,1 
hence  may  or  may  not  be  construed  with  the  genitive.2 

38.  A  peculiarity  to  be  noted  in  connection  with  the  article 
is  its  omission  where  it  would  be  required  in  ordinary  language: 
(dem  or  einem)  ScJiwdtzer  ist  nut  zu  reden  vil  xix  49  ;  Hie  findt 
man  der  welt  gantzen  louff  Yorr.  53 ;  an  der  sunn  vnd  fur 
(=  feuer)  iv  13 ;  3  Die  best  gezierd  /  vnd  hohster  nam  ix  25. 


1  Paul  212. 

2  This  is  treated  in  detail  in  20  and  note. 

3  Luther  often  omits  the  article  in  such  a  case  ( where  two  distinct  persons 
or  things  are  referred  to)   e.  g.:  an  der  Sonne  und  Mond  u/nd  Sternen   Luke 
21,  25. 


CHAPTER  IV.     VERBS. 

39.  Intransitive  verbs  occurring  in  the  Narrenschiff  which  are 
now  either  entirely  obsolete  or  no  longer  used  intransitively  are: 
gebresten,  fiiren    (=  NHG.  feiern),    vergiinnen,  hoffen:    wer 
hofft  vff  eyns  andern  dott    xciv  9 ;  jehen :  man  gyecht    xxiii  9 ; 
lassen :  er  soil  von  synen  sunden  Ian   xxxi  3 ;  lieben,  lonen,  lugen : 
lug  fur  dich  wol    xlvii  30;     raten,  rfifen,  verstan,  werfen: 
mit  steyn  werffen    xlii  b. 

40.  Impersonal  are:    gebresten,   gedencken,   gelieben    (== 

gef alien),  beniigen,  gach  sin1:  Jm  wer  zu  vrteiln  nit  so  goch 
(=  eilig)  ii  20 ;  schwigen:  ml  wager  (=  besser)  dir  geschwygen 
wer  xxviii  22 ;  wundern  with  an:  des  (=  deswegen)  ist  zu 
wundern  nit  daran  vi  47. 

41.  Reflexive  are:  'bruchen,   bedencken:  Het  Adam  sich  be- 
docht  vor  basz  xii  11 ;  Der  bdencfy  sick  wol/ ee  dann  er  buw  xv  20 ; 
verdingen,    (be)duncken:    Die  duncJcent  sich  syn   etc.    ciii  14; 
flyssen,    began :    ml  bgont  sich  wol    Ixiii  85 ;   glichen :   wollust 
glychet  sich  Eym  wib    1  1  f . ;  uberheben,    klagen  2:  Idagent  sich 
Ixiii    5 ;    geliben    (=  leiblich   gut  verpflegt   sein 3) :    was   sich 
gelibt    xxxviii  64;    lyden  4:  Der  lyd  sich  /  so  man  die  (i.  e.,  die 
Wunde)  vffbrech  xxxviii  15  ;annemen,5  verrftchen,  (be)riimben, 
schelten :    der  sich  mit  eynem  trunckenen  schillt    Ixviii  4 ;  gesoln 
(=  Seelenheil  genieszen3) :  das  gesolt  sich  xxxviii  64;    stehlen: 
Hep  stielt  sich  ab    vi  84;  (ver)sumen:  das  er  sich  sum    Ixxx  13; 
8umbt  er  sich  an  eym  Tdeynen  stuck    xii  22 ;  verwegen,   beziigen. 

42.  Verbs  with  which  there  is  a  choice  of  various  constructions 
in  the  Narrenschiff  are : 

achten   (also  acht  haben) : 

with  the  accusative :  Keyn  bessere  Icunst  achten  sie  nut    xxvii 


1  Paul  198. 

3  Transitive  in  MHG.,  cf.  Paul  241. 

8  Zarncke,  p.  374  n.  to  this  passage,  gives  this  meaning. 

4  Also  transitive,  as  in  NHG.  5  Cf.  also  42. 


(31) 


32  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

20 ;  sie  keyn  scham  noch  ere  me  acJit  xxxiii  51 ;  Die 
jugent  acht  all  kunst  gar  Tdeyn  xxvii  7 ;  Wer  sick  fur 
ein  narren  acht  Vorr.  41  ;  Das  er  nit  wis  sich  achten 
soil  ib.  36; 

with  the  genitive  -1 :  Das  sie  der  rehten  kunst  nit  achten  xxvii 
11;  die  hant  der  geistlicheit  nit  acht  Ixxiii  87;  Des 
priesterschafft  wenig  acht  xvi  34; 

with  vff  and  the  accusative:  achten  kein  frombden  ratt    viii 

9 ;  Der  acht  vff  gluck  nut    viii  29. 
(be)geren  2: 

with  the  genitive:  eigen  nutz  des  er  begert  x  26;  Der  erber- 
keyt  man  do  nit  bgert  c  22 ;  hut  accusative  with  a  de 
pendent  genitive,  as  in  MHG. :  3  Der  furst  die  kron  des 
kunigs  gert  Ixxxii  36 ; 

with  noch:  nyemd  dar  noch  frogt  noch  gdrdt    ciii  127; 

with  zu:  je  me  man  die  zu  grunden  gdrt    Ivii  81 ;  Do  wir  all 

begeren  zu    Ixxxv  68. 
bruchen  4 : 

with  the  accusative :  ( Wachs)  Das  brucht  Vlisses  vff  dem  mer 
xxxvi  31;  Der  ander  brucht  syn  fry  en  will  Ivii  56; 

reflexive  with  the  genitive:  Wer  eygens  koppfs  sich  bruchen 

will    xxxvi  26. 
gedencken : 

with  the  genitive:  die  der  jch  gedacht  Yorr.  91;  Ich  gantz 
nit  jr  gedencken  wyl  ib.  124  f . ; 

impersonal 5  with  the  dative :  mir  gedenckt  /  das  etc.    Ixxvi  c ; 


1  In  a  few  cases  the  genitive  may  be  regarded  as  partitive  after  wenig,  nut, 
etc.  But  cf.  nut  and  the  accusative,  above. 

*     2  MHG.  gern  takes  the  genitive  regularly,  Paul  263.    The  compound  begem 
is  late  MHG.,  Dietz  p.  230. 

3  Paul  264  a.  2.    For  apparent  ace.  in:  nut  das  er  begerdt    xxiv  18,  cf.  22 
footnote  to  entberen. 

4  MHG.  with  ace.  or  gen.,  Lexer.    Cf.  Zarncke  p.  371  n.  to  xxxvi  26  for  con 
temporary  examples. 

B  Zarncke,  p.  419  n.  to  this  passage,  says  that  this  construction,  unknown  in 
MHG.  except  in  the  passive,  appears  in  the  XVI  century,  and  quotes  examples 
from  Murner  and  Fischart,  as  well  as  examples  of  dencken. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  33 

with  an  and  the  accusative:  Das  er  an  die  set  gedenckt    xxxi 

24; 
with  vff  and  accusative:   Vff  das  /  er  vor  nie  hat  gedacht 

xcvi  26. 

dun,   besides  occurring  very  often  as  an  auxiliary,  is  used  in 
the  senses  of  machen,  stellen,  as  in  modern  dialectal  speech ; 
reflexive :  sich  dun  (=  gehen)  vi  63. 

erben : 

with  the  accusative :  Bulgarus  erbt  synen  sun    xciv  19 ; 
with  the  genitive  Eyn  dienst  magt  die  jr  frowen  erbt    Ixiv  62. 

glouben  l : 

with  the  accusative :  der  yedes  schwdtzen  gloubt    ci  2 ; 
with  the  dative:  gloub  mir    ii  18;  Wer  guttem  rott  nit  folgt 

vnd  gloubt    xiii   28 ;   Wer  yedem  narren  glouben  will 

xi   a    (doubtful:  Der  nit  hort  wiszheit  vnd  jr  gloubt 

xi  26) ; 
with  the  genitive:  glouben  dem  schlangen  siner  wort    ci  31; 

der  geschrifft  glouben    xi  If.; 

with  in2:  Dar  vmb  gloubt  der  nit  recht  jnn  got    Ixv  29; 
with  vff  and  accusative:  Der  vff  das  gstirn  solch  glouben  hat 

Ixv    30. 
halten    alone  (=  existimare),  with  fur  and  in  vff  sich  halten 

is  used  as  in  NHG. ; 
reflexive  with  the  genitive  3 :  disz  welt  Sich  vast  des  kollschen 

bottschen  helt    xlviii   86 ;  Der  sun  des  vatters  halttet 

sich  (==  dhnelt  dem  Vater)   xlix  15. 

helfen4: 

with  the  accusative :  Was  hulff  ein  menschen  das  etc.    xxiv 

23  ;  Was  hulff  dich  /  das  etc.    ib.  25  ; 
with  the  dative :  Sie  hulff  en  jm  nit    iii  20  ;  jm  helfen    xc  5  ; 


1  MHG.  with  dat.  of  pers.,  gen.  or  ace.  of  thing.    Cf.  Paul  263,  264. 

2  Zarncke,  p.  320  n.  to  xii  24,  calls  this  a  Latinism. 

3  Goedeke,  p.  90  n.,  quotes  an  example  from  Facetus. 

4  The   MHG.    distinction   between   the    use    of   dat.   and   ace.    (Paul   241; 
Zarncke  p.  341  n.  to  xxiv  25)  is  kept  up  in  the  Narrenschiff. 


34  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

with  the  genitive  l :  yeder  starb  a\m  selben  we  Des  er  meynt 

helffen  yedermann. 
hiiten2: 

with  the  accusative  (supplemented  by  vor  with  the  dative)  : 

vor  dem  man  sich  hutt    ix  8  (10  times  in  all) ; 
with  the  genitive :  der  hutt  der  hewschreck    xxxii  a ;   Wer 

synr  frowen  hutten  dut    ib.  2  (twice  only). 
lonen: 

with  the  accusative:  der  all  ding  lont    Ixxxv  85  (once)  ; 
with  the  dative:  lonen  eym    i  24. 
lugen : 

with  the  genitive  (or  dative  ?)  Eyn  yeder  lug  vor  (=  vorher) 

syner  schantz    Iviii  13 ; 
with  fur:  lug  fur  dich  wol    xlvii  30 ; 
with  zu:  Sie  lugen  ubel  zu  den  sachen    ciii  85. 
manen  3: 

with  the  genitive:  Der  sy  eyn  yeder  narr  gemant    cxi  85 ; 
with  an:  Sie  manten  mich  dran    Ixxx  3. 
annemen: 

with  the  accusative:  Ee  er  die  priesterschafft  nam  an    Ixxiii 

40; 
reflexive  with  the  genitive:  Der  sich  des  dock  nit  nymet  an 

Vorr.  62. 
genieszen  4 : 

with  the  accusative :  Syn  duschen  er  genusset  nit   Ixxxix  31 ; 
with  the  genitive:  Der  selb   /  syns  tuschens  gnusset  nitt 

Ixxxix  b;  Wes  eyner  will  das  er  geniesz    lix  20. 
beniigen  5: 

with  the  accusative:  Do  mit  losz  ich  benugen  mich    i  11 ; 

Keynen  benugt  me  /  mit  stfm  stand    Ixxxii  61 ; 
with  the  dative:  Eym  yeden  syn  armut  benug    xciv  16. 


1  Cf.  Paul  266. 

2  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  264. 

3  Regularly  with  the  genitive  of  the  thing  in  MHG.,  Paul  263. 

4 76.  263.  For  apparent  ace.  in:  das  nit  nyessen  Ixvii  88,  cf.  22  n.  to 
entb&ren. 

6  MHG.  genuegen  is  impers.,  trans.,  with  the  subjective  idea  in  the  genitive, 
Paul  241,  265. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  35 

(ge)  schwigen  x :     . 

with  the  accusative:  die  worheyt  schwigen    civ  4; 
with  the  genitive :  Ich  schwig  der  /  den  das  gyt  freud  Ixii  31 ; 

Ich  will  der  ander  geschwigen   Ix  25 ; 
with  the  accusative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing:  Ich  will  des 

gelts  jnn  (ace.  s.  m.)  gschwige    Ixxv  42; 
with  zu :  Dar  zu  sunst  yederman  swigt  still    xix  2 ;  Schwygt 

dar  zu  recht    xciii  28. 
sorgen : 

with  the  accusative:  ick  sorg  den  vnderganglc    ciii  64; 
with  the   (causal)   genitive:  sorgen  grosser  schwer    xxxviii 

46 ;  Des  libs  wir  sorgen    Ixxxv  46 ; 
with  vff  and  accusative :  Der  sorg  Tiatt  vff  die  grebnisz    Ixxxv 

98. 
sparen: 

with  the  dative  2:  Dar  vmb  /  das  jm  got  spart  Ixxxvi  16 ; 
with  the  accusative  (indirect  object  in  the  dative) :  der  weysz 

nit  went  er  solches  spart    iii  3. 
verstan : 

with  the  accusative  as  in  NHG. ; 
with  the  genitive :  Die  des  rechten  nit  version   ii  3 ; 
reflexive  with  vff  and  accusative  as  in  NHG-. 
vorchten : 

with  the  accusative:  vorchten  den  herren  (=  Gott)  Ivi  43; 
with  the  genitive:  Abraham  vorcht  synr  f  row  en  xxxiii  85; 
reflexive  (absolute)  :  vorchten  sich  Ixxxvi  10;  with  vor  and 

dative:  vor  fall  sich  vorchten    xxvi  70. 
weren  3: 

with  accusative  of  thing:  Alls  ubel  wechszt  das  man  nit  wert 
vi  24; 


1  MHG.  versivigen  takes  double  ace.,  or  gen.  of  thing,  Paul  244 ;  Zarncke  p. 
452  n.  to  civ  4. 

2  A  Latinism,  according  to  Zarncke,  p.  431  n.  to  Ixxxvi  16. 

3  Zarncke,  p.  301  n.  to  i  8,  enumerates  the  constructions  possible  with  this 
verb  (ace.  of  person,  gen.  or  dat.  of  thing  and  dat.  of  person,  gen.  or  ace.  of 
thing)  and  quotes  an  example  (dat.-gen.)  from  Fischart.    Paul,  241,  263,  states 
that  the  ace.  of  person,  gen.  of  thing  is  regular  in  MHG.    Cf.  also  43  weren. 


36  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

with  dative  of  thing:  das  er  dem  narren  (i.  e.,  der  Benen- 
nung)  wer  Lxvi  c; 

with  dative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing:  jnn  (dat.  p.)  der 

fliegen  weren    i  8. 
wissen : 

with  the  accusative:  ich  soldi  kuntschafft  weisz    Vorr.  69 ; 

with  the  genitive:  Der  vrsach  weisz  nyeman  gentzlich  Ivii 
80 ;  with  vmb  and  the  accusative :  das  er  dar  vmb  weiszt 
Ixxx  12. 

wiinschen,    ordinarily  transitive;  is  used  once  with  the  geni 
tive:  Handier  wunscht  des  glidi  gouclcels1    xxvi  61. 

43.     The  following  verbs  have  a  double  construction: 
bitten2: 

with  accusative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing:  Ich  hab  sie  des 

gebetten  nit    Ixxix  22. 
vergiinnen  3: 

with  dative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing :  jm  vergiinnen  syner 

ruw    Ixxxv  67. 
vber  reden: 

with  accusative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing:  Wer  sidi  des 

vber  reden  latt    Iviii  27. 
ruwen : 

with  accusative  of  person:  Wer  buwen  will  /  das  in  nit  ruw 
xv  19 ;  den  ruwt    xcvi  c;  genitive  of  thing:  Sannabalach 
syn  spottes  ruwt    xlii  29. 
schamen : 

with  accusative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing :  Die  Dern  andern 
(sic)    narren   sich   schammen    xcviii    c;    Die   gelerten 
mussen  sich  schdme  Jr  ler  vnd  jres  namen    ciii  115. 
bescheren : 

with  dative  of  person,  genitive  (or  accusative?)  of  thing: 
hab  got  eym  guts  beschert  Ivii  7. 


1  Regularly  with  the  genitive  in  MHG.,  Paul  264. 

2  Regularly  with  genitive  of  thing  in  MHG.,  Paul  263,  264. 

3  Paul  264. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  37 

(ent)    (er)  weren  * : 

with  dative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing:  Das  ich  jnn  (dat.  p.) 
wil  der  fliegen  weren  i  8 ;  So  werd  jm  das 2  nyemer 
entwert  Ivii  8; 

with  accusative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing :  Bisz  er  des  hun 
gers  sich  erwert    Ixx  22. 
bzalen : 

with  dative  of  person,  accusative  of  thing:  Das  er  jm  bezal 

das    Ixxxvi  28. 
beziigen: 

with  accusative  of  person,  genitive  of  thing:  ich  mich  des 
beziig  cxi  28. 

44.  The  particle  ge-  has  retained  its  full  MHG.  functions, 
being  used  to  give  a  verb  either  a  perfective  or  momentary  sense: 
Eyn  narr  ist  wer  gesprechen  dar  xxix  31 ;  conversely,  it  is 
omitted  with  the  past  participles  of  verbs  which  already  have  a 
perfective  meaning:  bracht,  kumen,  funden,  geben,  etc.3 


SYNTAX  OF  MOODS. 

45.  Indicative  and  subjunctive  are  endlessly  confused  in  the 
Narrenschiff.     The  indicative  replaces  the  conditional  (subjunc 
tive)  in:  Sie  wellen  tragen  was  mannen  schdntlich  was  Vorr.  116 ; 
we  find  both  used  in  purpose  clauses :  Do  mit  myn  gdicht  nit  wilrd 
(indicative)  gestrofft  Vorr.  105 ;  Das  es  werd  (subjunctive)  krusz 
iv  11 ;  das  er  sie  losz  (subjunctive)  irr  gon   vi  5 ;  in  indirect 
questions:  Was  die  wyszheit  hat,  Wie  sorglich  sy  der  narren  stat 
Vorr.  51  f. ;  wer  er  ist  Wem  er  glich  sy    ib.  29  f. 

46.  The  subjunctive  is  regular  in  the  jussive  and  in  condi 
tions  contrary  to  fact;  and  it  is  often  used  with  rather  nice  dis 
crimination  in  the  potential:  narrenspiegel  in  dem  ein  yeder  narr 


1  For  detailed  discussion  cf.  42  weren  and  footnote. 

2  For  apparent  ace.,  cf.  22  footnote  to  entberen,. 

3  Cf.  Paul  305^  307,  371;  Cf.  also  Shumway,  The  Verb  in  Thos.  Humer,  I, 
pp.  29  ff . 


38  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

sich  foenn    Vorr.  31 ;  Ob  es  inn  foch  nit  wol  gefall   ib.  72 ;  Wer 
worheit  sag  /  verdienet  Tiasz  ib.  74. 

47.  The  infinitive  is  used  very  loosely  as  a  noun :  molen 1 
(=  Gemalde)    Vorr.  28 ;  Leander  nit  syn  schwymmen  ddt    xiii 
49 ;  Hett  Phaeton  syn  faren  gelon   xl  21. 

48.  The  original  form  of  the  infinitive  (i.  e.,  without  zu  2) 
occurs  in  a  few  instances:  Besser  ist  hob  en  gut  geberd   ix  17; 
vnderstont 3  schwymme    Vorr.   22 ;  Eyn  ere  was  ettwan  tragen 
bert  (=  Barte)    iv  3 ;  Das  jm  vff  heben  ist  zu  ml   xxiv  2 ;  Der 
bgert  erfaren  vil    xxxiv  3 ;  Lichter  wer  eym  syn  /  in  der  wust    lii 
17 ;  horen  nit  vff  arbeiten    Ixvii  80 ;  wer  hofft  entgan   xxxvi  29 ; 
so  invariably  after  meynen  4 :  meynen  do  mit  gef alien    vii  15 ;  and 
(ge)tar:  Nyeman  getar  Zu  jnn  sprechen   xlvi  5  f. ;  possibly  a  La- 
tinism  in :  Der  zeigt  sich  selbs  eyn  narren  syn   xix  8 ;  as  in  NHG. 
in:  bettlen,  schloffen  gan;  das  er  recht  ler  (=lerne)  tun    xxiii 
12 ;  Wann  er  ander  sterben  sicht  (regularly  with  sehen)  xxix  7. 

49.  There  is  one  striking  illustration  of  a  possible  construction 
with  lassen  and  a  complementary  infinitive:  Sychem  hett  sie  ge- 
lossen  gan   xxvi  52. 

50.  Progressive  present  and  past  tenses,  used  in  MHG.,5  occur 
quite  frequently:  Dar  durch  sich  mancher  ist  verfieren    xxx  16; 
Wann  er  von  jm  hulff  wartend  wer   xxxviii  45 ;  Noch  dem  man 
bruchen  wart  den  pflug    Ixxxiii  40. 


1  Cf.  Zarncke  p.  297  n.  to  this  passage. 

2  Cf.  Paul  297. 

3  But  zu  is  used  also:  der  vnderstot  zu  dienen   xviii  1  f. 

4  Cf.  Zarncke  p.  319  n.  to  x  23. 

5  Generally  only  sein  is  used,  but  werden  occurs  twice,  as  in  the  example 
noted.     For  the  MHG.  usage  cf.  Paul  287  and  a.  1,  297  a.  1 ;  also  Zarncke  p. 
371  n.  to  xxxvii  b.     Cf.  also  A.  W.  Aron,  Die  "  progressiven "  formen  im 
Mhd.  u.  Friihnhd.,  Frankfurt  a.  M.  1914. 


CHAPTER  V.  CONJUNCTIONS  AND  ADVEEBS. 

51.  In  comparisons  we  find  the  correlatives:  als  .  .  .  als1: 
Wem  nit  der  gmein  nutz  jst  als  werd  Als  eigen  nutz    x  26  f. ; 
als  ml  als  die  affen   Ixxiii   18;    solch  .  .  .  als2:   Mit  soldier 
mosz  als  er  hat  gethan  ii  22 ;  after  comparatives  and  nut?    dann 
is  used:  die  nut  dan  mit  dorheit  vmbgan    Vorr.  11;  me  dan  ein 
hand  vnd  fusz    iii  10 ;  ee  dann  zytt    viii  30 ;  Dar  vmb  1st  nutzt 
vndottlich  imer  Vnd  bliblich  by  vns  dann  die  ler    vi  88 ;  and  also 
wan  (wen  wann)  :  Jceyn  liebern  will  ich  /  wen  dich  han  xxxiii  46. 

52.  Many  conjunctions  in  the   Narrenschiff  preserve   older 
usages : 

als4:  Do  Roboam  nit  volgen  wolt  Den  altten  wysen  /  als  er 
soil  viii  18;  Landt  als  jszlant  Ixvi  51. 

dan  5  (dann  den  denn) :  Den  vordantz  hat  man  mir  gelan 
Dann  jch  on  nutz  ml  bucher  han  i  af ;  Des  glich  /  will 
mancher  doctor  syn  Der  nye  gesach  Sext  (et  al.)  Dann 
(=  nur,  ausser)  das  er  hat  eyn  pyrment  hut  Ixxvi 
65  ff.6 ;  Man  musz  sprechen  /  er  sy  myn  sun  Dann 
(=  wenn)  er  dem  schelme  recht  wurt  thun  v  24. 

das  is  used  alike  for  damit  and  so  doss  (both  of  which  occur, 
however)  :  die  furen  Im  schne  /  das  sie  wol  halb  erfruren 
Vorr.  75. 

Note  1.     The  conjunction  may  he  omitted  in  a  result 
clause:  Der  was  als  wytt  Er  ddt  jm  nut    Ixxvi  42. 
Note  2.     By  an  ellipsis  das  may  be  causal :  dort  ist  er 


*Cf.  Paul  318. 

3C7.  ib.  318,  348,  4. 

3  Cf.  ib.  319. 

* Cf.  ib.  348,  4.  But  wie  occurs  also:  liep  stiehlt  sick  ab  wie  ein  diep  vi 
84.  Als  ob  is  used  as  in  NHG. 

B  This  conj.  had  begun  to  take  the  place  of  wan  in  the  xv  century;  cf. 
Koemheld:  Die  deutschen  Konjunctionen  "  uxmde,"  "denn"  u.  "  weil,"  diss. 
Giessen,  Mainz  1911,  p.  45. 

6  Cf.  Zarncke  p.  421  n.  1  to  this  passage. 

(39) 


40  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  NarrenscJiiff 

ewig  doit  Das  er  nitt  lernet  kennen  got  xlvii  5  f.,  c/.: 
das  er  nit  strofft  sin  kynd  Des  strofft  jn  got  vi  27. 

do  is  still  used  as  in  MHG.1 :  ich  hob  gewacht  /  Do  die  schley- 
ffent  der  jch  gedacht  Yorr.  90  f. ;  Do  er  was  in  Chal- 
deen  landt  xxxiv  29. 

do  mit  (twice  with  das)  expresses  purpose  occasionally:  Do 
mit  myn  gdicht  nit  wilrd  gestrofft  Vorr.  105. 

echt  (==  wenn  nur)  :  Echt  icht  alley n  mog  machen  ml  xlviii  34. 

ob  2  is  used  more  loosely  than  in  NHG. :  Dar  vmb  soil  man  ~han 
fur  das  best  Ob  eelut  nit  gern  Jiaben  gest  xxxiii  76  ;<; 
Ob  man  die  all  nit  wissen  kann  So  geb  man  es  eym 
armen  man  xx  15  f. ;  ob  joch  and  ob  scJion  are  separ 
ated:  Ob  es  jnn  joch  nit  w\ol  gefall  Vorr.  72;  Ob  ich 
schon  hab  eyn  groben  synn  i  25. 

so  3  is  used  variously :  most  commonly  interchangeable  with 
wann  as  a  relative  temporal  conjunction:  Wer  gern  well 
,  werden  bald  gesund  Der  zoug  dem  artzet  recht  die  wund 
Vnd  lid  sich  /  so  man  die  vff  brech  xxxviii  15  4 ;  so  sie 
sollten  vast  studieren  gont  sie  bubelieren  xxvii  5  f. ; 
conditional:  vil  schdntlicher  ist  sie  (i.  e.,  Buhleri)  dann 
80  bulen  dunt  allt  wib  vnd  mann  xii  86 ;  also  in  a  pur 
pose  clause :  Wer  eynen  will  schlagen  ee  dann  ers  jm  sag 
So  er  sich  nit  geworen  mag  ci  8. 

sydt  alone  or  with  das  as  in  MHG.,5  or  with  als,  may  be  tem 
poral  or  causal:  Sydt  ich  solch  kuntschafft  weisz  Vorr. 
69 ;  Sidt  das  jm  smeckt  des  smdres  rouch  Hi  23 ;  Sydt 
als  das  vnder  der  sunnen  ist  liv  22. 

wann  (three  times  wenn)  is  temporal  or  conditional  (abso 
lutely  interchangeable  with  so  in  this  construction)  :  Eyn 
yedes  ding  me  sterckung  hatt  Wann  es  bynander  gsamlet 
stat  dann  so  es  ist  zerteilt  xcix  135  ;  Allexander  /  wann 
er  truncken  was  xvi  42 ;  also  in  the  sense  of  wenn  nicht, 


1  Cf.  33  and  Paul  348,  1.  4  Cf.  ib.  331. 

2  Cf.  Paul  354.  8  Cf.  ib.  353,  3. 

3  Cf.  ib.  353,  8,  348,  3. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  41 

nur 1:  mancher  dut  battlen  So  er  wol  werclcen  mocht  .  .  ., 
wann  das  er  sich  nit  wol  mag  bucken  Ixiii  25 ;  Causal 
use  is  not  found. 

wie  (generally  replaced  in  comparisons  by  als  or  dann)  is  used 
more  loosely  than  in  NHG. :  Wer  grosz  arbeyt  vnd  vnge- 
mach  Hat  /  wie  er  furdere  frombde  sack  Ivii  1  f. 

wil  (wile,  die  wil,  die  wile)  is  still  restricted  to  the  MHG. 
sense  of  wahrend2:  Gib  wil  du  lebst  ii  23;  Die  wile 
er  gat  Iv  5 ;  but  wile  ich  byn  gott  Ixxxviii  26  seems 
to  be  approaching  the  causal  sense  of  NHG. 

wo   as  temporal  conjunction  has  its  analogue  in  NHG. 

53.  The  peculiarities  in  the  Narrenschiff  in  the  use  of  adverbs 
may  be  briefly  noted : 

alien thalb  occurs  once,  xiv  15. 

do  as  in  MHG.  is  used  as  double  relative  (=  da  wo)  :  Die 
suchten  wag  /  do  keyner  was  xxxvi  15. 

draffter    occurs  once,  xiii  a.3 

eynst  occurs  once  in  the  sense  of  semel  (not,  as  in  NHG.,  ex 
clusively  quondam) :  Eyn  katz  wann  sie  eynst  angebissen 
hat  xxxiii  42. 

ettwan   is  regularly  used  in  the  sense  of  quondam,  as  in  MHG. 

fast  (vast)  is  used  for  NHG.  sehr:  fast  gut  i  10 ;  vast  hoch 
xxvi  66;  and  for  NHG.  fest,  tiichtig:  sie  soltten  vast 
studieren  xxvii  5. 

halber  occurs  three  times,  as  in:  Eyn  gutter  artzt  dor  vmb  nit 
flucht  Ob  joch  der  Tcranck  halber  hyn  zucht  xxxviii  21  f. 

in  (inn,  jn,  jnn)  is  both  preposition  and  adverb,  without  dis 
tinction  in  form:  Er  ist  gef alien  dar  jn  xlv  13. 

me  is  about  twice  as  common  as  mer,  which  seems  to  be  used 
mostly  metri  causa. 


1  Occurs  sporadically  until  the  16th  century,  Moser. 

2  Cf.  Paul  253,  6 ;  also  Roemheld  op.  tit.,  pp.  47  ff. 

3  Cf.  Zarncke  p.  322  n.  to  this  passage  for  other  examples. 


42  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

nyenan  (=  nie)  occurs  once,  xxiv  3 1.1 

ser  has  completely  replaced  vil,  even  in:  das  ich  ser  wunder 
hob  Vorr.  5. 

vsz  is  the  regular  form  of  the  adverb:  Er  mocht  hie  vsz  wol 
blyben  syn  xlv  14. 

vor  has  the  senses:  fruher,  worker,  zuvor,  voraus:  Hett  sich 
Adam  bedocht  vor  basz  xii  11 ;  Du  vor  die  wergk  /  dar 
noch  die  lere  xxi  29 ;  So  wer  er  dock  eyn  narr  als  vor 
xxvi  4 ;  Sie  hant  die  happen  vor  zu  stur  xxvii  2. 

vorhin  has  the  sense  of  vorher  three  times,  e.  g.:  wer  sich  ver- 
sicht  v'orhin  xii  b. 

vor  vsz  occurs  in  the  sense  of  besonders. 

wo,  as  in  MHG.,  may  mean  wenn  or  als. 

54.     Instances  occur  in  which  the  superlative  of  the  adverb  is 
formed  as  in  1STHG.,  e.  g.,  vffs  aller  best    xxiii  a. 


1  Cf.  33  and  Paul  344. 


CHAPTEK  VI.     THE  EELATIVE  CONSEKVATISM  OF 
BKANT,  LUTHEB  AND  SACHS. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  compare  the  Narrenschiff  and  the  writ 
ings  of  Luther  and  Hans  Sachs  with  the  purpose  of  determining 
how  much  difference  exists  in  the  syntax  of  these  divergent  norms. 
Unfortunately,  the  present  work  must  he  greatly  circumscribed  in 
this  respect  by  the  lack  or  the  inaccessibility  of  satisfactory  pre 
liminary  studies.  Most  of  the  special  treatises  on  the  language  of 
this  period  stop  with  a  discussion  of  the  sounds  and  inflections. 

Brant  wrote  in  the  Upper  German  literary  dialect,  with  an 
Alemannic  or  Alsatian  caste.  That  he  did  have  in  mind  the  recog 
nized  norm,1  rather  than  simply  using  the  local  popular  speech, 
is  shown,  for  instance,  by  his  careful  retention  of  the  final  -n, 
which  had  certainly  disappeared  (one  case,  infinitive  gschwige  J 
Ixxv  42  shows  this  loss). 

The  most  conspicuous  differences  (aside  from  the  sounds)  be 
tween  the  men  under  consideration  will  be  found  in  the  matter  of 
vocabulary;  but  the  syntax,  too,  shows  certain  interesting  points. 

Genitive. 

Luther  uses  the  possessive  genitive  somewhat  more  freely  than 
Brant  2 :  ihr  seid  Christi  1  Cor.  3,  23  ;  doss  ihr  eines  andern  seid 
Horn.  7,  4.  In  this  respect  Luther  is  more  conservative,  closer 
toMHG. 

In  the  case  of  the  genitive  of  specification  (Cf.  12)  Luther  has 
a  few  echoes,  which  may  appear  doubtful  3 :  der  hats  (=  dessert, 
darin)  groszere  Sunde  1  John  19,  11 ;  ich  hobs  (dies  Macht  1  Cor. 
6,  12  4;  but  we  find  also  well-defined  instances:  sie  waren  des 
Handwerks  Teppichmacher  Ap.  18,  3;  die  Lehre  welcher5  du 


'Gessner   (ca.  1560)  calls  it  ''lingua  commums  Germanica  vel  Helvetica," 
Burdach:  Die  Einigung  der  nhd.  Schriftsprache,  p.  21. 

2  The  citations  are  from  Lehmann,  who  has  used  the  modern  orthography. 

3  But  cf.  the  development  as  indicated  in  22,  footnote  to  entleren. 

*  Lehmann  27  does  not  recognize  this  construction  in  the  above  examples. 
5  Lehmann  10  refers  this  genitive,  and  similar  ones,  to  the  verbs. 

(43) 


44  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

unterrichtet  bist  Luke  1,  4  (only  in  the  earliest  prints).  Luther 
construes  certain  adjectives  analogously  (cf.  13) :  ungldubig  (but 
glaubig  with  an),  geizig^  wert. 

Luther  uses  the  instrumental  genitive  (cf.  14) :  der  GerecJite 
wird  seines  Glaubens  leben  Rom.  1,  17  2 ;  also  the  genitive  of 
characteristic  (cf.  15)  :  der  ist  des  Glaubens  an  Jesu  Rom.  3,  26  ; 
der  ward  Unmuths  Mark  10,  22 ;  and  the  genitive  of  quality 
(cf.  16)  is  very  common  (the  Narrenschiff  has  not  a  single  case)  : 
0  ihr  TJioren  und  trdges  Herzens  Luke  24,  25.3 

Luther  seems  to  have  no  clear  instance  of  the  genitive  to  express 
cause  or  source  (cf.  17  f.),  unless  we  may  so  regard  the  phrase: 
es  Spott  haben,  in :  die  andern  Jiattens  ihren  Spott  Ap.  2,  3,  and : 
so  wird  ers  Schaden  leiden  1  Cor.  3,  15.  At  all  events,  this  is  an 
instance  in  which  Brant  is  the  more  conservative. 

In  their  use  of  the  genitive  of  material  (cf.  19)  Luther  and 
Brant  coincide,  both  being  somewhat  more  restricted  than  MHG. 

Luther  is  less  free  with  the  partitive  genitive  than  Brant.  It 
occurs  in  Luther  with  expressions  of  quantity  or  number:  viel, 
wenig,  was,  etwas,  nicht;  with  trinken;  and  with  superlatives. 
Circumlocutions  with  von  and  aus  occur  also. 

Preliminary  studies  of  the  genitive  in  Sachs  were  not  available 
for  a  similar  comparison  of  his  syntax  in  this  particular. 

Verbs. 

A  table  of  the  varying  constructions  will  give  the  clearest 
impression  of  the  verbs  which  differ  in  Brant  and  Luther. 

BEANT  LUTHEE 

f  w.  genitive 

entberen  w.  genitive  .     .     .      \  , .       ,         •       n   \ 

lw.  accusative  (occasionally) 

,  . , ,  j,  , ,  .  f  w.  ace.  of  thing 

bitten  w.  gen.  of  thing    .     .      1  _ 

I  w.  um  and  ace. 

(ge)bresten  w.  dative     .     .      (rare,  only  in  earliest  prints) 

t      »  jL.  f  w.  genitive 

oruchen  w.  accusative     .     .     \ 

(w.  accusative 

(sich)  w.  gen.     .     .     .        not  found  as  reflexive. 


^ehmann  11.  2 /&.  10.  3/6.  13. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  45 

BRANT  LUTHER 

f  w.  genitive 
dencfcen  w.  genitive    .     .     .      J  7      , 

jw.  a^  razm,  m>er 

fw.  genitive       ) 

eroen      1  .        }•    .        w.  accusative 

( w.  accusative    \ 

entpfinden  w.  genitive     .     .        w.  accusative 

,  e         /  -  7  x  f w-  genitive 

frowen  (sich)  w.  gen.     .     .      J  ,       , 

}  w.  cm/  and  ace. 

fur  en  (feiern)  w.  gen.    .     .        w.  accusative 

7  f  w.  genitive 

beqeren  w.  genitive    .     .     .      J 

( w.  accusative 

lekommen  (=  treffen)  w.  dat.  [found,  but  very  rare  (Francke 

does  not  note  it). 

gelangen  (impers.)  w.  ace.  .        does  not  occur. 
(ge)lieben  (=gef alien)  w.  ace.    very  rare 

fw.  accusative 
(ge)lusten  (impers.)  w.  ace.     |  ^  ^^ 

vermahlen  trans,  w.  ind.  obj.        not  noted 

/     x    i  '  .          fw.  accusative  ) 
(ge)schwigen   J  f  w.  genitive 

( w.  genitive      J 

,  ,    fw.  gen.) 

sorgen  (=  sorge  traqen)   J  ^not  noted 

|  w.  ace.  J 

versumen  (sicJi)  w.  gen.     .     versaumlich  w.  genitive 

In  Luther,  as  in  Murner,1  progressive  forms  are  rarer  while  in 
Sachs  they  are  much  more  common.2  The  Alemannic-Alsatian 
was  fond  of  these  progressive  forms.3 

Brant  follows  the  MUG.  practise  with  ge-  prefixed  to  the  past 
participle  (cf.  44)  ;  Murner  uses  it  oftener,4  while  Luther  practi 
cally  conforms  to  the  modern  norm,  having  ge-  as  a  rule. 


1Shumway:  The  Verb  in  Thos.  Murner  I,  p.  35. 
2Shumway:  Das  aUautende  Verbum  lei  H.  Sachs,  p.  11. 
3Socin:  Schriftsprache  und  Dialekte,  p.  183. 
4  Shumway :  The  Verb  in  Thos.  Murner  I,  pp.  29  ff. 


46  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

Prepositions. 

The  most  satisfactory  conclusions  may  be  drawn  from  a  study 
of  the  various  prepositional  constructions  used  by  these  writers.1 

Both  Sachs  and  Luther  use  prepositions  with  the  freedom  which 
MHG.  enjoyed,  but  have  lost  the  careful  distinctions  which  the 
older  language  observed,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  cases  of  an,  fur 
and  vor.  Brant  is  universally  conservative  in  this  respect,  feeling 
himself  closely  limited  by  the  MHG.  usage. 
an 

While  Luther  uses  phrases  like:  reich  an  oiler  Lehre  (to  replace 
the  MHG.  genitive,  cf.  13)  and  Sachs  has:  drunib  wundert  micJi 
an  dein  geberden  Fsp.  47,  22  (to  replace  the  causal  genitive,  cf. 
17)  ;  es  tut  mir  an  dir  also  andt  (=  leid)  Fsp.  49,  14;  funff  an 
(=  gegeri)  unser  drey  Fsp.  32,  197 ;  an  (=  als  Pfand  fur)  einen 
Schuld  F.  S.  361?  11 ;  Brant  knows  only  the  traditional  signifi 
cance  of  position,  except  in  a  few  phrases  like  fahlen  an  and  in 
substitutions  for  the  partitive  genitive,  the  latter  an  old  established 
construction. 
ab 

Brant  and  Luther  still  use  ab  (abe),  though  rarely;  Sachs  does 
not  have  it. 
after 

Luther  alone  has  after,  in  the  pejorative  sense  of  nacJi. 
auf 

Sachs  occasionally  uses  auf  where  nowadays  we  should  use  an 
or  in:  auf  d&m  wald,  Frankfurt  auf  dem  Meyn;  also  auf  in  time 
phrases:  auf  d&m  morgen.  Luther  is  most  conservative  with  auf, 
while  Brant  extends  its  use:  vff  das  for  damit  doss;  vff  for  in 
Bezug  auf  (Sachs  also),  but  never  uses  it  to  mean  any  other  posi 
tion  than  that  understood  today. 
aus 

Sachs  and  Luther  use  aus  in  phrases  to  replace  the  partitive 
genitive ;  this  construction  does  not  occur  in  the  Narrenschiff. 
bei 

Sachs  has:  Den  schickt  er  dem  Gardian  bey  (==  durch)  seinem 


1  Cf.  Miller,  C.  R.:  The  Preposition  in  Hans  Sachs  (see  bibliography). 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff  47 

Son  F.  S.  293,  41,  91  f.  (often  so) ;  erkennen  lei  (=  an)  ;  ver- 
stehen  bei  (=  unter) ;  Luther  has  bei  in  the  sense  of  ungefdhr, 
and  also  uses  it  with  the  accusative  (of  limit  of  motion).  All 
these  constructions  are  unknown  in  the  Narrenschiff,  as  is  ausser- 
halb. 

bis 

Sachs  and  Luther  use  bis  freely,  Brant  comparatively  rarely. 
f  iir  vor 

Brant  is  most  conservative  with  fur  and  vor,  writing  fur  once 
instead  of  vor,  and  vor  once  instead  of  fur;  Sachs  has  fur  instead 
of  vor  six  times,  while  in  Luther  all  distinction  has  disappeared. 
Sachs  uses  fur  to  replace  the  causal  genitive:  layd  fur  dich,  fur 
dich  schemen. 
gegen  gen 

Brant  uses  gegen  with  the  accusative  only,  gen  with  the  dative ; 
Sachs  makes  no  distinction;  Luther  is  most  like  MHG.,  using 
gegen  with  either  dative  or  accusative.    In  Luther  gen  is  restricted 
to  place  names. 
in 

Sachs  has:  in  bett,  in  seinen  tagen,  in  die  leng;  Brant  has  none 
of  these.     Both  Brant   and   Sachs  use  in  to   express   purpose; 
Luther  does  not  use  it  so. 
mit 

Brant  uses  mit  generally  to  express  an  accompaniment  rather 
than  purely  an  instrument,  except  in  mit  namen  nennen;  Sachs 
has  the  instrumental  use  often. 
ob 

The  Narrenschiff  has  but  one  instance  of  ob,  while  Sachs  uses 
it  frequently  in  many  meanings :  position,  for  an,  auf,  bei,  vor, 
uber,  etc. ;  causal  with  the  reflexives  beJclagen,  freuen,  erzumen; 
with  spotten,  etc. ;  also  (rarely)  with  the  accusative.  Luther 
uses  ob  freely,  but  only  with  the  dative. 
ohne 

Brant  uses  on  with  the  accusative  or  the  genitive;  Sachs  and 
Luther  restrict  it  to  the  accusative. 


48  The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 

fiber 

Sachs  lias  phrases  with  uber  to  replace  the  causal  genitive  after 
Jclagen,  erziirnen,  etc. 

um 

Brant  and  Sachs  agree  in  the  use  of  um  with  the  accusative, 
while  Luther  uses  it  with  both  accusative  and  genitive. 
unter 

Brant  uses  under  in  the  time  phrase  underwit,  which  Sachs 
and  Luther  do  not  have. 

Summarizing,  we  find  that  Brant  is  decidedly  the  most  conser 
vative,  as  a  rule,  with  prepositions,  while  Luther  and  Sachs,  in 
their  different  ways,  are  very  close  together  in  the  order  named. 

Miscellaneous  differences. 

Luther  has  sick  for  the  dative  of  the  reflexive  regularly,  but 
sometimes  im.  Brant  has  im  always. 

Luther  has  es  for  the  genitive  of  the  pronoun  es,  as  in  MHG. ; 
always  des  (NHG.  dessen) ;  and  prefers  the  short  forms  (as  in 
MHG.)  ir,  im,  in  (NHG.  ihnen),  der  (KHG.  dereri),  den  (OTIG. 
deneri),  wes.1 

Brant  and  Sachs  use  correlative  als  .  .  .  als  (as  in  MHG.) 
where  Luther  and  NHG.  have  so  ...  als;  Brant  has  als  where 
Luther  and  NHG.  have  wie;  weil  is  temporal  in  Brant  and 
Luther,  causal  in  Sachs;  wann  (wenn)  is  causal  in  Sachs,2  but 
not  in  Brant  or  Luther ;  Luther  uses  the  modern  nichts,  unknown 
to  Brant. 


The  conclusion  seems  justified  that  Brant's  conservativism  in 
matters  of  syntax  is  greater  than  a  difference  of  half  a  century 
between  the  dates  of  the  works  compared  would  presuppose.  He 
must  have  been  under  stronger  reactionary  influences  than  either 
Luther  or  Sachs. 


1  Moser,  see  Bib.  2  Roemheld,  op.  tit. 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  NarrenscJiiff  49 

Sachs  was  not  a  scholar.  His  models  were  frankly  popular. 
Linguistic  forms  meant  nothing  to  him,  and  he  had  no  traditions. 
We  should  expect  him  to  he  the  most  naive  in  his  language,  to  pick 
up  whatever  he  found  handy,  whether  standard  literary  usage 
or  not. 

The  case  with  Luther  is,  of  course,  very  different.  We  need 
not  seek  in  Greek  or  Latin  influence  the  explanation  of  Luther's 
variations:  they  were  without  doubt  indigenous.  Luther  was  a 
scholar,  a  reformer.  His  aim  in  producing  his  translation  of 
the  Bihle,  for  instance,  was  more  than  churchly :  it  was  linguistic 
besides;  and  this  linguistic  purpose  was,  in  turn,  two-fold:  to  be 
universal  and  to  be  a  standard — a  model  of  language  and  style. 
Withal,  his  thought  was  for  the  present  and  the  future — never  for 
the  past. 

Brant's  aims  were  quite  different.  He,  too,  was  a  scholar,  but 
he  was  a  formal  moralist,  a  reactionary,  untravelled  and  insular. 
He  was  not  interested  in  linguistics  in  the  NarrenscJiiff.  For 
him  the  past  held  many  valuable  precepts,  the  present  and  the 
future  were,  nothing  but  grim  preparation  for  the  reward  or  pun 
ishment  to  come.  It  was  but  natural  that  he  should  look  back 
wards  linguistically,  too,  as  we  have  found  that  he  does. 


BIBLIOGKAPHY 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  books  actually  used  in  the  preparation  of  this 
work.  It  thus  includes  only  those  which  in  whole  or  in  part  treat  the  syntax 
of  the  men  considered,  no  attempt  being  made  to  list  all  the  literature. 

These  editions  of  the  Narrenschiff  were  used: 

Sebastian  Brant  Das  Narrenschiff:  Facsimile  der  Erstausgabe  von  1^94  etc. 

ed.  Franz  SCHULTZ,  Strassburg,  Triibner,  1913. 
Das  Narrenschiff  von  Sebastian  Brant  ed.  K.  GOEDEKE,  in:  Deutsche  Dichter 

des  16.  Jahrhunderts,  Leipzig,  Brockhaus,  1872    (vol.  7).      (Abbreviated 

"Goedeke.") 

Sebastian  Brants  Narrenschiff  ed.  F.  ZABNCKE,  Leipzig,  Wigand,  1854.     (Abbre 
viated  "Zarncke.") 

Dictionaries : 

LEXER:    Mittelhochdeutsches   Worterbuch,  Leipzig   1869-1878.      (Abbreviated 

"Lexer.") 
MAETIN  and  LIENHABT:  Worterbuch  der  elsassischen  Mundarten,  Strassburg 

1895  and  1907. 
SCHMIDT,  Ch. :  Worterbuch  der  Strassburger  Mundart,  Strassburg  1896. 

Other  works : 

BUBDACH,  K. :  Die  Einigung  der  neuhochdeutschen  Sprache,  Halle  1883. 
GLAUS,  P.:  Rhythmik  und  Metrik  bei  Seb.  Brants  Narrenschiff,  QF.  112. 
DIETZ,   PH.:    Worterbuch   zu  Dr.   Mcvrtin  Luthers   Schriften,   Leipzig    1870. 

(Abbreviated  "Dietz.") 
FBANCKE,    Carl:    Grundzilge   der   Schriftsprache   Luthers   etc.,   Halle,    1914. 

(Abbreviated  "Francke.") 
GOTZE,   Alfred:     Friihneuhochdeutsches   Glossar,   in:    Kleine   Texte  fiir  Vor- 

lesungen  und  Uebungen,  ed.  H.  LIETZMANN,  No.  101,  Bonn  1912. 
GBIMM,  J.:  Deutsche  Grammatik  (vol.  3),  Gottingen  1822-1837. 

GUTJAHB,  E.  A. :  Die  Anftinge  der  neuhochdeutschen  Schriftsprache  vor  Luther, 
Halle  1910  (Chap,  in  contains  complete  bibliography  on  Luther  to  date). 

KEHBEIN,  J.:  Grammatik  der  deutschen  Sprache  des  15.  bis  16.  Jahrhunderts, 

Leipzig  1856. 
LEHMANN,  A.:  Luthers  Sprache  in  seiner  Uebersetzung  des  neuen  Testaments, 

Halle  1873.     (Abbreviated  "Lehmann.") 
MILLEB,  C.  R. :  The  Preposition  in  Hans  Sachs,  AMEBICANA  GEBMANICA  vol. 

2,  nos.  3,  4. 

(50) 


The  Syntax  of  Brant's  NarrenscMff  51 

MOSEB,  "Virgil:  Hi&torisch-grammatische  Einfuhrung  in  die  fruhneuhoch- 
deutschen  Schriftdialekte,  Halle  1909.  (Abbreviated  "Moser.") 

PAUL,  H.:  Mittelhochdeutsche  Orammdtik,  Halle  (8th  edition)  1913.  (Abbre 
viated  "Paul.") 

PIETSCH,  P.:  Martin  Luther  und  die  hochdeutsche  Schriftsprache,  Breslau 
1883. 

ROEMHELD:  Die  deutschen  Conjunctionen  "  wande"  "  denn"  und  "Weil"  dis 
sertation  Gieszen,  Mainz  1911. 

SOCIN,  A. :  Schriftsprache  und  Dialekte  im  Deutschen,  Heilbronn  1888. 

SHUMWAY,  D.  B.:  Das  ablautende  Verbum  bei  Hans  Sachs,  dissertation  Got- 
tingen  1894. 

—* The  Verb  in  Thomas  Murner,  AMERICANA  GERMANICA  vol.  1,  nos.  3,  4. 

WEINHOLD,  K.:  Alemannische  Grammatik,  Berlin  1863. 


INDEX. 


NOTE:  For  general  headings,  consult  Table  of  Contents.  Words  are 
indexed  by  roots  (as  entpfinden  under  finden),  except  where  the  root  is  no 
longer  recognizable,  or  obsolete  (as  glouben,  vergessen,  benugen),  when  they 
are  arranged  alphabetically.  Figures  refer  to  pages. 

a 

ab  prep., 

achten   (also  acht  haben) 

after  prep,  and  prefix, 

allenthalb 

als 

an  prep., 

article  (def.)  omitted, 

auf  see  vff 

aus  see  vsz 

b 

behend 

beitten  (=warten) 

benugen 

entberen 

bis 

bitten 

blosz 

(ge)bresten- 

bruchen 


dann   (denn,  etc.) 

das   (NHO.  doss) 

dencken 

bedencken 

gedencken 

der  as  rel.  pro., 

des  causal  (=deswegen,  etc.) 

dienen 

verdingen 

do    (=wo) 

draffter 

drincken 

duncken  13;    (be)  duncken 

durch 

bediiren 


(be)durfen 

20,  21 

24,  46 

diirsten 

13 

31,  32 

46 

e 

41 

echt  conj., 

40 

39,  48 

erben 

33,  45 

26,  46 

eren 

18,  20 

30 

ettwan 

41 

eynst   (=semel) 

41 

f 

falen 

20,  21 

17 

gefallen 

15 

15 

fast    (vast,  =sehr) 

41 

31,  34 

entpfinden 

20,  21,  45 

20, 

21,  44 

flyehen 

13 

47 

flyssen  see  vlissen 

36,  44 

folgen  see  volgen 

17 

freud  han 

19 

15, 

31,  44 

fro 

18 

31, 

32,  44 

frowen 

20,  21,  45 

25,  46 

friiren 

13 

fry 

17 

gefiigen 

15 

39 

fur  prep.   (cf.  vor), 

24,  47 

39 

fiirchten  see  vorchten 

20, 

21,  45 

furen 

21,  31,  45 

13,  31 

31,  32 

g 

28 

began 

31 

c.) 

18 

ge-    (prefixed  to  verb 

forms)     37,  45 

15 

gegen  prep., 

24,  47 

31 

gelten 

15 

29, 

40,  41 

gen  prep., 

25,  47 

41 

Genitive  in  Luther 

43 

19,  44 

(be)geren 

13,  32,  45 

31 

glich  adj.,  prep., 

26 

24 

glichen 

15,  31 

13 

glouben 

15,  33 

(52) 

The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 


53 


goch  sein 

15,  31 

n 

vergiinnen 

15,  31,  36 

nemen 

15 

annemen 

31,  34 

h 

war   nemen 

22 

halber  adv., 

41 

nichts  pro., 

48 

halten 
uberheben 

33 
21,  31 

genieszen 
noch    (=nach)    as  prefix 

34 

27 

helfen 

33 

not  sein 

15 

hoffen 

31 

numerals 

20 

gehoren 

15 

nut   (=  nichts) 

29,  44 

hungern 

13 

nyenan 

42 

hiiten 

34 

bhiiten 

13 

o 

hynder  sich  =  zuriick,  etc., 

26 

ob  con/.,  40;  prep., 

25,  47 

i 

on  (MEG.  due) 

24,  27,  47 

in  prep.,  26,  47;    adv., 

41 

P 

pflegen 

22 

progressive  forms 

38,  45 

keyn 

19 

Pronouns:  pers.,  poss.,  28; 

reflex.,  28, 

(  be  )  klagen 

21,  31 

48;    rel.,    28,    29;    demonstr.,    29; 

abkommen 

21 

antec.  inanimate, 

29 

bekommen    (  =  6  egegnen  ) 

15,  27,  45 

erkunden 

13 

r 

raten 

15,  31 

1 

uber  reden 

36 

lachen 

21 

rftfen 

15,  31 

gelangen 

13,  45 

(  be  )  rumen 

22,  31 

lar   (=  leer) 

19 

verruchen 

22,  31 

lassen 

15,  31,  38 

ruwen 

36 

geliben 

31 

lieben    (=  amare) 

15,  45 

3 

(  ge  )  lieben    (  =  placer  e  ) 

15,  31 

schamen 

36 

lonen 

31,  34 

schelten 

31 

lugen 

31,  34 

bescheren 

15,  36 

luppen 

15 

schmeichen 

15 

lusen 

15 

schonen 

22 

(ge)lusten 

13,  45 

schwigen 

31,  35,  45 

lyden 

31 

versehen 

22 

ser  adv.    (=MHG.  vil)  , 

42 

m 

sin     (pers.     pro.,  =  dessen,     demon 

vermahlen 

13,  15,  45 

str.) 

29 

manch 

20 

so  conj., 

40 

manen 

34 

so  rel.  pro., 

29 

me    (mer)                          19, 

20,  30,  41 

so  ...  als 

39,  48 

verinessen 

22 

solch  .  .  .  als 

39 

mit 

25,  47 

gesoln 

31 

mussig 

17 

sorgen 

35,  45 

The  Syntax  of  Brant's  Narrenschiff 


sparen 

16,  34 

w 

spotten 

22 

waltten 

22 

verstan 

31,  34 

wann  (wenn  etc.) 

39,  40,  48 

vnderstan 

13 

warten 

22 

stehlen 

31 

was 

19,  29,  44 

(ver)sumen 

22,  31,  45 

verwegen 

22,  31 

swar 

18 

welcher   (weller) 

28 

sydt  conj., 

40 

gewenden 

14 

wer  was  as  rel.  pro. 

28 

t 

eins,  jnn  werden 

22 

trowen  (=NHG.  drohen) 

15,  16 

(ent)    (er)  weren 

35,  37 

urtrutz 

18 

werffen 

14,  31 

truwen 

15 

wert 

17,  44 

tun  (dun) 

15,  33 

weynen 

23 

wichen 

15 

u 

wie  conj., 

41,  48 

iiber 

48 

wil  (die  wil,  wile)  conj., 

41,  48 

vff 

26,  46 

wissen 

36 

vmb 

24,  47 

gewisz 

17 

under 

26,  47 

wo  conj.,  41,  42;  adv., 

29 

unwillen 

16 

wol  sein 

15 

vrteln 

13 

gewonen 

23 

vsz  prep.,  25,  46;   adv., 

42 

wundern 

31 

tit  (=MHG.  icht) 

14,  29 

wunschen 

36 

V 

y 

vergessen 

20,  22 

yeman,  yederman 

29 

vil                                      19 

,  20,  30,  44 

beviln 

14 

z 

vlissen   (  flyssen  ) 

20,  21,  31 

bezalen 

15,  37 

volgen   (  f  olgen  ) 

16 

zemen 

15 

rt  c 

voll 

19 

zu 

25 

von 

25 

beziigen 

31,  37 

vor  prep.  (  cf.  fur  )  ,  25,  47  ; 
vorhin  adv.   (=vorher), 

adv.,  27,  42 
42 

erziirnen 
zychen 

14 
14 

vorchten  (fiirchten) 

35 

verzyhen 

15 

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